data The term data refers to qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable or set of variables. Data (plural of "datum") are typically the results of measurements and can be the basis of graphs, images, or observations of a set of variables. Data are often viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and then knowledge are derived. Raw data, i.e. unprocessed data, refers to a collection of numbers, characters, images or other outputs from devices that collect information to convert physical quantities into symbols. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Data) 961 8939 56.3 13.4 1200 16080 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15-chart-wp.html research Research can be defined as the search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, with an open mind, to establish novel facts, usually using a scientific method. The primary purpose for basic research (as opposed to applied research) is discovering, interpreting, and the development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Research) 1183 9148 69.3 10.7 980 10486 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15595-chart-wp.html drupal Drupal is a free and open source content management system (CMS) and Content Management framework (CMF) written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License. It is used as a back-end system for at least 1.5% of all websites worldwide ranging from personal blogs to corporate, political, and government sites including whitehouse.gov and data.gov.uk. It is also used for knowledge management and business collaboration. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Drupal) 10 113 0.6 92.9 105 9754.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10737-chart-wp.html sushi The Standardized Usage Statistics Harvesting Initiative (SUSHI) protocol standard (ANSI/NISO Z39.93-2007) defines an automated request and response model for the harvesting of electronic resource usage data utilizing a Web services framework. Built on SOAP, a versioned Web Services Description Language (WSDL), and XML schema with the syntax of the SUSHI protocol, this standard is intended to replace the time-consuming user-mediated collection of usage data reports. SUSHI was designed to be both generalised and extensible, so that it could be used to retrieve a variety of usage reports. An extension designed specifically to work with COUNTER reports is provided with the standard, as these are expected to be the most frequently retrieved usage reports. (Excerpt from this source) 2 93 0.1 100 93 9300 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16101-chart-wp.html cerif CERIF (Common European Research Information Format) emerged first as a simple standard not unlike a library catalogue card or the present DC (Dublin Core Metadata Standard) and was intended as a data exchange format. It was based on records describing projects, with persons and organisational units as attributes. However, it was soon realised that in practice this CERIF91 standard was inadequate: it was too rigid in format, did not handle repeating groups of information, was not multilingual / multi character set and did not represent in a sufficiently rich way the universe of interest. A new group of experts was convened and CERIF2000 was generated. Its essential features are: (a) it has the concept of objects or entities with attributes such as project, person, organisational unit; (b) it supports n:m relationships between them (and recursively on any of them) using 'linking relations' thus providing rich semantics including roles and time; (c) it is fully internationalised in language and character set; (d) it is extensible without prejudicing the core datamodel thus providing guaranteed interoperability at least at the core level but not precluding even richer intercommunication. It is designed for use both for data exchange (data file transfer) and for heterogeneous distributed query / result environments. With CERIF2004, minor improvements in consistency have been released. With CERIF2006 substantial improvements have been implemented with the model, concerning in particular the introduction of a so-called Semantic Layer, that makes the model flexible and scalable for application in very heterogeneous environments. (Excerpt from this source) 6 133 0.4 81.2 108 8769.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16058-chart-wp.html hydra Hydra is a DuraSpace project that has from its inception been designed to provide a generalizable, portable framework that would meet the needs not only of the three original institutions, but also those of a wider community. Originating as a multi-institutional project spanning three universities (Hull, Stanford and Virginia), and with support from Fedora Commons, Hydra has since expanded to include like-minded institutions with similar needs, technical infrastructures and complementary systems. (Excerpt from this source) 10 142 0.6 76.8 109 8371.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16137-chart-wp.html jusp Journal Usage Statistics Portal (JUSP) development partnership includes JISC Collections, Mimas at The University of Manchester, Evidence Base at Birmingham City University and Cranfield University. A successful portal prototype was originally developed in 2009, taking in usage data (COUNTER JR1, JR1a and JR5 reports) from five libraries in respect of three NESLi2 publisher agreements. This prototype demonstrated that the portal can provide a basic "one-stop shop" where libraries could go to view and download their own usage reports from NESLi2 publishers, a move welcomed by libraries that currently have to go into each publisher's password protected administration sites separately. In addition, aggregated publishers' usage statistics (with those from gateway or host intermediary sites) provide a truer picture of overall usage statistics. (Excerpt from this source) 2 80 0.1 100 80 8000 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16130-chart-wp.html vufind VuFind is an open source library search engine that allows users to search and browse beyond the resources of a traditional OPAC. Developed by Villanova University, version 1.0 was released in July 2010 after two years in beta. VuFind operates with a simple, Google-like interface and offers flexible keyword searching. While most commonly used for searching catalog records, VuFind can be extended to search other library resources including but not limited to: locally cached journals, digital library items, and institutional repository and bibliography. The software is also modular and highly configurable, allowing implementers to choose system components to best fit their needs. As of March 2012, a total of 64 institutions are running live instances of Vufind including the Georgia Tech Library, the London School of Economics, the National Library of Ireland, Yale University, and the DC Public Library. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: VuFind) 4 87 0.2 95.4 83 7918.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16014-chart-wp.html data set A data set (or dataset) is a collection of data, usually presented in tabular form. Each column represents a particular variable. Each row corresponds to a given member of the data set in question. Its values for each of the variables, such as height and weight of an object or values of random numbers. Each value is known as a datum. The data set may comprise data for one or more members, corresponding to the number of rows. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Data set) 220 864 12.9 25.8 223 5753.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1535-chart-wp.html wikipedia Wikipedia is a free, web-based, collaborative, multilingual encyclopedia project supported by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Its 18 million articles (over 3.6 million in English) have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world, and almost all of its articles can be edited by anyone with access to the site. Wikipedia was launched in 2001 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger and has become the largest and most popular general reference work on the Internet, ranking around seventh among all websites on Alexa and having 365 million readers. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Wikipedia) 90 350 5.3 40 140 5600 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7068-chart-wp.html big data In information technology, big data consists of datasets that grow so large that they become awkward to work with using on-hand database management tools. Difficulties include capture, storage, search, sharing, analytics, and visualizing. This trend continues because of the benefits of working with larger and larger datasets allowing analysts to "spot business trends, prevent diseases, combat crime." Though a moving target, current limits are on the order of terabytes, exabytes and zettabytes of data. Scientists regularly encounter this problem in meteorology, genomics, connectomics, complex physics simulations, biological and environmental research, Internet search, finance and business informatics. Data sets also grow in size because they are increasingly being gathered by ubiquitous information-sensing mobile devices, aerial sensory technologies (remote sensing), software logs, cameras, microphones, Radio-frequency identification readers, wireless sensor networks and so on." Every day, 2.5 quintillion bytes of data are created and 90% of the data in the world today was created within the past two years. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Big data) 11 68 0.6 86.8 59 5121.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15895-chart-wp.html raptor The Retrieval, Analysis, and Presentation Toolkit for usage of Online Resources (RAPTOR) project was designed to build a free-to-use, open source software toolkit for reporting e-resource usage statistics (from Shibboleth IdPs and EZProxy) in a user-friendly manner suitable for non-technical staff. Given the current economic climate and likelihood of tightening funding, understanding the usage of e-resources is becoming increasingly important as it allows an institution to understand which resources they need to keep subscribing to, and those which they may wish to unsubscribe from (potentially resulting in cost savings). (Excerpt from this source) 3 50 0.2 100 50 5000 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16099-chart-wp.html data citation Data citation refers to the practice of providing a reference to data in the same way as researchers routinely provide a bibliographic reference to printed resources. The need to cite data is starting to be recognised as one of the key practices underpinning the recognition of data as a primary research output rather than as a by-product of research. While data has often been shared in the past, it is rarely, if ever, cited in the same way as a journal article or other publication might be. If datasets were cited, they would achieve a validity and significance within the cycle of activities associated with scholarly communications and recognition of scholarly effort. (Excerpt from this source) 11 43 0.6 90.7 39 3537.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11303-chart-wp.html cloud computing Cloud computing refers to the provision of computational resources on demand via a computer network. In the traditional model of computing, both data and software are fully contained on the user's computer; in cloud computing, the user's computer may contain almost no software or data (perhaps a minimal operating system and web browser only), serving as little more than a display terminal for processes occurring on a network of computers far away. A common shorthand for a provider's cloud computing service (or even an aggregation of all existing cloud services) is "The Cloud". (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Cloud computing) 57 135 3.3 51.1 69 3525.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1432-chart-wp.html eurocris euroCRIS is a European organization responsible for publicising work on Current Research Information System (CRIS) systems. It maintains the CERIF standard for CRIS systems. The CERIF standard is maintained by the CERIF Task Group. A Current Research Information System, commonly known as "CRIS", is any information tool dedicated to provide access to and disseminate research information, such as People, Projects, Organizations, Results (publications, patents and products), Facilities, and Equipment. EuroCRIS is established to address issues of current research information systems (CRIS) worldwide, but with emphasis on Europe. CRIS may be organized thematically or along the lines of scientific disciplines. Issues are, but not limited to: databases global, thematical and according to type of information (expertise, projects, institution, facilities and products - including publications); standards and guidelines; best practice; data access and exchange mechanisms; and to address other data standardization issues within the realm of research, training and development (RTD, R&D), in a timely and efficient manner. The primary goals of euroCRIS are to act as a single forum for all interested individuals and organizations to enter into dialog and resolution of all matters related to the use of information technology in the conduct of all research information system business. euroCRIS supports standardized, streamlined information exchange across all aspects of the CRIS lifecycle. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: EuroCRIS) 5 58 0.3 74.0 43 3186.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16057-chart-wp.html data management Data management comprises all the disciplines related to managing data as a valuable resource. The official definition provided by DAMA International, the professional organization for those in the data management profession, is: "Data Resource Management is the development and execution of architectures, policies, practices and procedures that properly manage the full data lifecycle needs of an enterprise." This definition is fairly broad and encompasses a number of professions which may not have direct technical contact with lower-level aspects of data management, such as relational database management. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Data management) 92 490 5.4 25.3 124 3137.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/170-chart-wp.html ocr Optical character recognition, usually abbreviated to OCR, is the mechanical or electronic translation of scanned images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into machine-encoded text. It is widely used to convert books and documents into electronic files, to computerize a record-keeping system in an office, or to publish the text on a website. OCR makes it possible to edit the text, search for a word or phrase, store it more compactly, display or print a copy free of scanning artifacts, and apply techniques such as machine translation, text-to-speech and text mining to it. OCR is a field of research in pattern recognition, artificial intelligence and computer vision. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Optical character recognition) 28 167 1.6 43.1 72 3103.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1320-chart-wp.html repositories A repository in publishing, and especially in academic publishing, is a real or virtual facility for the deposit of academic publications, such as academic journal articles. Deposit of material in such a site may be mandatory for a certain group, such as a particular university's doctoral graduates in a thesis repository, or published papers from those holding grants from a particular government agency in a subject repository, or, sometimes, in their own institutional repository. Or it may be voluntary, as usually the case for technical reports at a university. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Repository) 429 4331 25.1 7.6 331 2515.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/166-chart-wp.html oer Open educational resources (OER) are "digitised materials offered freely and openly for educators, students and self-learners to use and reuse for teaching, learning and research." Being a production and dissemination mode, OER are not involved in awarding degrees nor in providing academic or administrative support to students. However, OER materials are beginning to get integrated into open and distance education. Some OER producers have involved themselves in social media to increase their content visibility and reputation. OER include different kinds of digital assets. Learning content includes courses, course materials, content modules, learning objects, collections, and journals. Tools include software that supports the creation, delivery, use and improvement of open learning content, searching and organization of content, content and learning management systems, content development tools, and on-line learning communities. Implementation resources include intellectual property licenses that govern open publishing of materials, design-principles, and localization of content. They also include materials on best practices such as stories, publication, techniques, methods, processes, incentives, and distribution. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Open Educational Resources) 17 93 1 50.5 47 2373.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10080-chart-wp.html liparm Linking Parliamentary Records through Metadata (LIPARM) project is designed to allow for the first time the federated searching and browsing of UK and Ireland Parliamentary papers by defining and implementing a unified metadata strategy for historical and contemporary parliamentary digitisation projects. This project defines a generic XML schema for parliamentary metadata, defines controlled vocabularies for key components of this metadata, and produces a platform for a union catalogue of these materials based on the records created. Key collections are enhanced to allow their content to be accessed via the catalogue. (Excerpt from this source) 2 22 0.1 100 22 2200 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16088-chart-wp.html blackboard Blackboard Inc. was formed by joining two companies: CourseInfo LLC, founded by Daniel Cane and Stephen Gilfus, and Blackboard LLC, founded by Michael Chasen and Matthew Pittinsky. Originally the Blackboard company began as a consulting firm contracting to the non-profit IMS Global Learning Consortium. In 1998, it merged with CourseInfo LLC, a small course management software provider that originated at Cornell University. The combined company became known as Blackboard Inc. The first line of e-learning products was branded Blackboard CourseInfo LLC, but the CourseInfo brand was dropped in 2000. Blackboard went public in June 2004. Blackboard software is used by over 3700 educational institutions in more than 60 countries. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Blackboard) 22 79 1.3 49.4 39 1926.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1576-chart-wp.html codata The Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) was established in 1966 as an interdisciplinary committee of the International Council for Science. It seeks to improve the compilation, critical evaluation, storage, and retrieval of data of importance to science and technology. The CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants was established in 1969. Its purpose is to periodically provide the international scientific and technological communities with an internationally accepted set of values of the fundamental physical constants and closely related conversion factors for use worldwide. The first such CODATA set was published in 1973, later in 1986, 1998, 2002 and the fifth in 2006. The latest version is Ver.6.0 called "2010CODATA" published on 2011-06-02. The CODATA recommended values of fundamental physical constants are published at the NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: CODATA) 6 37 0.4 70.3 26 1827.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16134-chart-wp.html abbyy ABBYY was founded in 1989 by David Yang. As of 2011, the company has over 1000 employees in fourteen offices in Germany (Munich), the UK (Bracknell), the USA (Milpitas, CA), Japan (Tokyo), Taiwan (Taipei), Russia (Moscow), Ukraine (Kiev), Canada (Ontario), Australia (Sydney), and Cyprus. The key area of ABBYY's development and research is text recognition technologies and applied linguistics. The majority of ABBYY products, such as document conversion and document capture solutions and technologies, are designed to simplify the transition from paper documents to electronic information, eliminating the most time-consuming and labour-intensive tasks such as retyping text and manual data entry. ABBYY also develops language products, which include ABBYY Lingvo dictionary software and solutions for professional translators such as ABBYY Aligner. In 2007, a branch specializing in publishing dictionaries, reference books, encyclopedias and guide-books, ABBYY Press, was established. ABBYY also owns ABBYY Language Services, a high-tech translation and localization agency. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: ABBYY) 3 19 0.2 94.7 18 1704.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16012-chart-wp.html archives An archive is a collection of historical records, or the physical place they are located. Archives contain primary source documents that have accumulated over the course of an individual or organization's lifetime, and are kept to show the function of an organization. In general, archives consist of records that have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation on grounds of their enduring cultural, historical, or evidentiary value. Archival records are normally unpublished and almost always unique, unlike books or magazines for which many identical copies exist. This means that archives (the places) are quite distinct from libraries with regard to their functions and organization, although archival collections can often be found within library buildings. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Archive) 721 4282 42.2 6.2 264 1636.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/89-chart-wp.html bs8878 Web accessibility refers to the inclusive practice of making websites usable by people of all abilities and disabilities. When sites are correctly designed, developed and edited, all users can have equal access to information and functionality. For example, when a site is coded with semantically meaningful HTML, with textual equivalents provided for images and with links named meaningfully, this helps blind users using text-to-speech software and/or text-to-Braille hardware. When text and images are large and/or enlargable, it is easier for users with poor sight to read and understand the content. When links are underlined (or otherwise differentiated) as well as coloured, this ensures that color blind users will be able to notice them. When clickable links and areas are large, this helps users who cannot control a mouse with precision. When pages are coded so that users can navigate by means of the keyboard alone, or a single switch access device alone, this helps users who cannot use a mouse or even a standard keyboard. When videos are closed captioned or a sign language version is available, deaf and hard of hearing users can understand the video. When flashing effects are avoided or made optional, users prone to seizures caused by these effects are not put at risk. And when content is written in plain language and illustrated with instructional diagrams and animations, users with dyslexia and learning difficulties are better able to understand the content. When sites are correctly built and maintained, all of these users can be accommodated while not impacting on the usability of the site for non-disabled users. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: BS 8878) 3 16 0.2 100 16 1600 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16068-chart-wp.html sharepoint Microsoft SharePoint is a web application platform developed by Microsoft. First launched in 2001, SharePoint is typically associated with web content management and document management systems, but it is actually a much broader platform of web technologies, capable of being configured to suit a wide range of solution areas. SharePoint is designed as a central application platform for common enterprise web requirements. SharePoint's multi-purpose design allows for management, scaling, and provisioning of a broad variety of business applications. It provides a layer of management and abstraction from the web server, with the ultimate goal of enabling business users to leverage web features without having to understand technical aspects of web development. SharePoint also contains pre-defined 'applications' for commonly requested functionality, such as intranet portals, extranets, websites, document & file management, collaboration spaces, social tools, enterprise search and business intelligence. Other common use-cases for SharePoint include process integration, system integration, workflow automation, and providing core infrastructure for third-party solutions (such as ERP, CRM, BI, and social enterprise packages). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SharePoint) 14 57 0.8 52.6 30 1578 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16005-chart-wp.html sakai Sakai is a community of academic institutions, commercial organizations and individuals who work together to develop a common Collaboration and Learning Environment (CLE). The Sakai CLE is a free, community source, educational software platform distributed under the Educational Community License (a type of open source license). The Sakai CLE is used for teaching, research and collaboration. Systems of this type are also known as Course Management Systems (CMS), Learning Management Systems (LMS), or Virtual Learning Environments (VLE). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Sakai Project) 19 112 1.1 36.6 41 1500.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6634-chart-wp.html solr Solr is an open source enterprise search platform from the Apache Lucene project. Its major features include powerful full-text search, hit highlighting, faceted search, dynamic clustering, database integration, and rich document (e.g., Word, PDF) handling. Providing distributed search and index replication, Solr is highly scalable. Solr is written in Java and runs as a standalone full-text search server within a servlet container such as Apache Tomcat. Solr uses the Lucene Java search library at its core for full-text indexing and search, and has REST-like HTTP/XML and JSON APIs that make it easy to use from virtually any programming language. Solr's powerful external configuration allows it to be tailored to almost any type of application without Java coding, and it has an extensive plugin architecture when more advanced customization is required. Apache Lucene and Apache Solr are both produced by the same ASF development team since the project merge in 2010. It is common to refer to the technology or products as Lucene/Solr or Solr/Lucene. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Solr) 8 22 0.5 81.8 18 1472.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11253-chart-wp.html api An application programming interface (API) is a particular set of rules and specifications that a software program can follow to access and make use of the services and resources provided by another particular software program that implements that API. It serves as an interface between different software programs and facilitates their interaction, similar to the way the user interface facilitates interaction between humans and computers. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: API) 79 223 4.6 24.7 55 1358.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/41-chart-wp.html orcid ORCID is an international, interdisciplinary, open, and not-for-profit organization created for the benefit of all stakeholders, including research institutions, funding organizations, publishers, and researchers to enhance the scientific discovery process and improve collaboration and the efficiency of research funding. ORCID aims to solve the name ambiguity problem in scholarly communications by creating a registry of persistent unique identifiers for individual researchers and an open and transparent linking mechanism between ORCID, other ID schemes, and research objects such as publications, grants, and patents. (Excerpt from this source) 7 19 0.4 84.2 16 1347.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16061-chart-wp.html software Computer software, or just software, is a collection of computer programs and related data that provide the instructions telling a computer what to do and how to do it. We can also say software refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for some purposes. In other words software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation. Program software performs the function of the program it implements, either by directly providing instructions to the computer hardware or by serving as input to another piece of software. The term was coined to contrast to the old term hardware (meaning physical devices). In contrast to hardware, software is intangible, meaning it "cannot be touched (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Software) 874 3519 51.2 6.1 214 1305.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/17-chart-wp.html rdmrose RDMRose is a JISC funded project producing taught and continuing professional development (CPD) learning materials in Research Data Management (RDM) tailored for Information professionals. RDMRose develops and adapts learning materials about RDM to meet the specific needs of liaison librarians in university libraries, both for practitioners' CPD and for embedding into the postgraduate taught (PGT) curriculum. Its deliverables include OER materials suitable for learning in multiple modes, including face to face and self-directed learning. RDMRose brings together the UK's leading iSchool with a practitioner community based on the White Rose University Consortium's libraries at the Universities of Leeds, Sheffield and York. Development of content and teaching will be iterative, based on a highly participative curriculum development process and with a strong strand of student evaluation of learning materials and activities. (Excerpt from this source) 3 12 0.2 100 12 1200 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16080-chart-wp.html research information management Research information refers to administrative information about research projects, researchers, research outputs, funding, and so on. Universities need to manage information about the research they host, in order to inform strategic decisions about that research, to ease reporting to external stakeholders such as funding councils and research funders, and to offer useful services to those within and beyond the institution's boundaries. There is a lot of work at the moment in this area in the UK, complementing that in other countries. In both the Netherlands and Denmark, for example, universities use a common system to document core information about research (METIS and PURE respectively). Both of these systems are based around the CERIF data model, as are other systems in use such as Converis and the publications-oriented system Symplectic and national systems such as HunCRIS (in Hungary) and SICRIS (in Slovenia). In the UK, JISC, HEFCE, the Research Councils and others are funding a range of work to help the sector better manage information about research, covering institutional infrastructure (joining up institutional systems), national infrastructure (building services and interoperability to share research information), as well as providing guidance, support and opportunities to share experiences and work together. (Excerpt from this source) 10 22 0.6 72.7 16 1163.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15610-chart-wp.html jisc Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) support United Kingdom post-16 and higher education and research by providing leadership in the use of ICT (Information and Communications Technology) in support of learning, teaching, research and administration. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: JISC) 708 2987 41.5 6.2 185 1147 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/24-chart-wp.html open access Open access (OA) refers to unrestricted online access to articles published in scholarly journals, and increasingly also book chapters or monographs. Open Access comes in two forms, Gratis versus Libre: Gratis OA is no-cost online access, while Libre OA offers some additional usage rights. Open content is similar to OA, but usually includes the right to modify the work, whereas in scholarly publishing it is usual to keep an article's content intact and to associate it with a fixed author. Creative Commons licenses can be used to specify usage rights. The Open Access idea can be extended to the learning objects and resources provided in e-learning. OA can be provided in two ways: 1) "Green OA" is provided by authors publishing in any journal and then self-archiving their postprints in their institutional repository or on some other OA website. Green OA journal publishers endorse immediate OA self-archiving by their authors. 2) "Gold OA" is provided by authors publishing in an open access journal that provides immediate OA to all of its articles on the publisher's website. (Hybrid open access journals provide Gold OA only for those individual articles for which their authors (or their author's institution or funder) pay an OA publishing fee.) (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Open access publishing) 214 976 12.5 10.8 105 1134 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/169-chart-wp.html national academy of sciences The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine." As a national academy, new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. The National Academy of Sciences is part of the National Academies, which also includes: National Academy of Engineering (NAE); Institute of Medicine (IOM); National Research Council (NRC). The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code. For other groups called 'National Academy of Sciences' see /wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_(disambiguation). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: National Academy of Sciences) 8 20 0.5 75 15 1125 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15990-chart-wp.html blog A blog (a blend of the term web log) is a type of website or part of a website. Blogs are usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order. Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Blog) 268 1709 15.7 8 136 1088 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/156-chart-wp.html lod Linked Open Data (LOD) is part of the Open Data Movement, which aims to make data freely available to everyone. There are already various interesting open data sets available on the Web. Examples include Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Geonames, MusicBrainz, WordNet, the DBLP bibliography and many more which are published under Creative Commons or Talis licenses. The goal of the W3C SWEO Linking Open Data community project is to extend the Web with a data commons by publishing various open data sets as RDF on the Web and by setting RDF links between data items from different data sources. (Excerpt from this source) 8 24 0.5 66.7 16 1067.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10391-chart-wp.html open data Open data is a philosophy and practice requiring that certain data be freely available to everyone, without restrictions from copyright, patents or other mechanisms of control. It has a similar ethos to a number of other "Open" movements and communities such as open source and open access. However these are not logically linked and many combinations of practice are found. The practice and ideology itself is well established (for example in the Mertonian tradition of science) but the term "open data" itself is recent. Much of the emphasis in this entry is on data from scientific research and from the data-driven web. In some cases open data may be considered as more properly Open Metadata and there is not yet a consistent formalisation. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Open data) 28 52 1.6 44.2 23 1016.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/78-chart-wp.html twitter Twitter is a social networking and microblogging website, based in San Francisco, California, also having servers and offices in San Antonio, Texas, Boston, Massachusetts, and Salt Lake City, Utah. Twitter, Inc. was originally incorporated in California, but has been incorporated in the jurisdiction of Delaware since 2007. Since being created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey and launching that July, the website has gained popularity worldwide and is estimated to have more than 200 million active users, generating 65 million tweets a day and handling over 800,000 search queries per day. It is sometimes described as the "SMS of the Internet". (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Twitter) 74 253 4.3 19.8 50 990 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9087-chart-wp.html jisc collections In 2006, the JISC Content Procurement Company Ltd (trading as JISC Collections) was formed. Originally operating within the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC), JISC Collections was made into a company limited by guarantee that mutually trades with its members and is now a JISC funded service. JISC Collections services all UK Higher Education (HE) and Further Education (FE) institutions and Research Councils (RCs) that receive direct funding from the UK HE and FE funding bodies. It provides institutions with a collections catalogue of free and subscription-based online resources such as full text databases, e-books, digital images, e-journals, online film, learning materials and geospatial data. The negotiations for e-journals are managed under the NESLi2 scheme. The online resources in the collections catalogue (hence the name JISC Collections) are licensed from publishers, aggregators, content providers and each institution decides which resources it wishes to subscribe to based on the needs of their users. Core to the service provided by JISC Collections is the quality evaluation of online resources, the central negotiation process and the national licensing undertaken for each online resource. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: JISC Collections) 27 70 1.6 37.1 26 964.60 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14122-chart-wp.html eifl Electronic Information for Libraries (EIFL) works with libraries worldwide to enable sustainable access to high digital information for people in developing and transition countries. They are an international not-for-profit organisation based in Europe with a global network of partners. Founded in 1999, EIFL began by advocating for affordable access to commercial e-journals for academic and research libraries in Central and Eastern Europe. Today, EIFL partners with libraries and library consortia in more than 45 developing and transition countries in Africa, Asia and Europe. Their work has also expanded to include other programmes designed to enable access to knowledge for education, learning, research and sustainable community development. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Electronic Information for Libraries) 7 70 0.4 37.1 26 964.60 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15910-chart-wp.html impact project IMPACT is a project funded by the European Commission. It aims to significantly improve access to historical text and to take away the barriers that stand in the way of the mass digitisation of the European cultural heritage. (Excerpt from this source) 4 27 0.2 59.3 16 948.79 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16008-chart-wp.html metadata Metadata can be defined literally as "data about data," but the term is normally understood to mean structured data about digital (and non-digital) resources that can be used to help support a wide range of operations. These might include, for example, resource description and discovery, the management of information resources (including rights management) and their long-term preservation. In the context of digital resources, there exists a wide variety of metadata formats. Viewed on a continuum of increasing complexity, these range from the basic records used by robot-based Internet search services, through relatively simple formats like the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (DCMES) and the more detailed Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) header and MARC formats, to highly specific formats like the FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata, the Encoded Archival Description (EAD) and the Data Documentation Initiative (DDI) Codebook. (Excerpt from this source) 627 4830 36.7 4.3 209 898.70 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/95-chart-wp.html fiz karlsruhe Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe, also known as FIZ Karlsruhe ‐ Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure is a not-for-profit organization with the public mission to make sci-tech information from all over the world publicly available and to provide related services in order to support the national and international transfer of knowledge and the promotion of innovation. The service institution is member of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community, a union of German research institutes. The institute provides information services and infrastructure for the academic and research community and maintains a collection of scientific databases. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: FIZ Karlsruh) 3 12 0.2 83.3 10 833 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15905-chart-wp.html digital library A digital library is a library in which collections are stored in digital formats (as opposed to print, microform, or other media) and accessible by computers. The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks. A digital library is a type of information retrieval system. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Digital library) 396 1725 23.2 6.8 118 802.39 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/88-chart-wp.html responsive design Responsive Web Design (RWD) essentially indicates that a web site is crafted to use Cascading Style Sheets 3 media queries, an extension of the @media rule , with fluid proportion-based grids (which use percentages and EMs instead of pixels) , to adapt the layout to the viewing environment, and probably also use flexible images. As a result, users across a broad range of devices and browsers will have access to a single source of content, laid out so as to be easy to read and navigate with a minimum of resizing, panning, and scrolling. "Mobile First" and "Progressive Enhancement / Unobtrusive JavaScript" (strategies for when a new site design is being considered) are related concepts that predated RWD: browsers of basic mobile phones do not understand media queries or Javascript, and it is wise to create a basic web site then enhance it for smart phones and PCs ‐ rather than attempt "graceful degradation" to try to degrade a complex, image-heavy site to work on the most basic mobile phones. Browser detection and mobile device detection are two ways of deducing if Javascript and certain HTML and CSS features are supported, however Javascript libraries like Modernizr, jQuery, and jQuery Mobile that directly test for features/user agents are also popular. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Responsive design) 2 8 0.1 100 8 800 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16063-chart-wp.html refworks RefWorks is a web-based commercial citation manager ‐ an application for managing references, retrieving bibliographic information, and designing texts in terms of their literature references. Subscribers can store their reference database online, allowing them to use and update it from anywhere, and to share data with other subscribers. Universities can subscribe on behalf of all their students and faculty, and the software enables linking to electronic editions of journals to which the university libraries hold subscriptions. This linking is accomplished by incorporating an institution's OpenURL resolver. A number of Canadian academic libraries that licence RefWorks for managing research online have moved their accounts to a Canadian server because of concerns that student and faculty members' research could be investigated under the USA Patriot Act if their data remain stored south of the border. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: RefWorks) 10 37 0.6 45.9 17 780.29 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13989-chart-wp.html content management Content management, or CM, is the set of processes and technologies that support the collection, managing, and publishing of information in any form or medium. In recent times this information is typically referred to as content or, to be precise, digital content. Digital content may take the form of text, such as documents, multimedia files, such as audio or video files, or any other file type which follows a content lifecycle which requires management. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Content management) 118 393 6.9 14 55 770 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/72-chart-wp.html mobile A mobile device (also known as a handheld device, handheld computer or simply handheld) is a pocket-sized computing device, typically having a display screen with touch input and/or a miniature keyboard. In the case of the personal digital assistant (PDA) the input and output are often combined into a touch-screen interface. Smartphones and PDAs are popular amongst those who require the assistance and convenience of certain aspects of a conventional computer, in environments where carrying one would not be practical. Enterprise digital assistants can further extend the available functionality for the business user by offering integrated data capture devices like barcode, RFID and smart card readers. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Mobile devices) 161 625 9.4 10.7 67 716.89 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16-chart-wp.html university of northampton The University of Northampton is a university in Northampton, Northamptonshire, England. The university offers a wide range of undergraduate degrees with over 250 courses as well as foundation degrees, diplomas and a variety of postgraduate opportunities up to PhD level. It is one of only a handful of universities in the UK able to offer two-year fast-track degrees (currently for management and marketing and law) though it also offers four-year extended degrees with a year in industry. The university is internationally renowned for Waste Management education and research. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Northampton) 5 14 0.3 71.4 10 714 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13824-chart-wp.html infrastructure Infrastructure is basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function. It can be generally defined as the set of interconnected structural elements that provide framework supporting an entire structure of development. Telecommunications, computing and monitoring networks are designed by systems engineers. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Infrastructure) 408 1162 23.9 7.7 90 693 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/85-chart-wp.html accessibility Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to which a product, device, service, or environment is available to as many people as possible. Accessibility can be viewed as the "ability to access" and possible benefit of some system or entity. Accessibility is often used to focus on people with disabilities or special needs and their right of access to entities, often through use of assistive technology. Accessibility is often abbreviated to the numeronym a11y, where the number 11 refers to the number of letters omitted. This parallels the abbreviations of internationalization and localization as i18n and l10n respectively. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Accessibility) 225 871 13.2 8.6 75 645 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/127-chart-wp.html json JSON is a lightweight text-based open standard designed for human-readable data interchange. It is derived from the JavaScript programming language for representing simple data structures and associative arrays, called objects. Despite its relationship to JavaScript, it is language-independent, with parsers available for most programming languages. The JSON format was originally specified by Douglas Crockford, and is described in RFC 4627. The official Internet media type for JSON is application/json. The JSON filename extension is .json. The JSON format is often used for serializing and transmitting structured data over a network connection. It is primarily used to transmit data between a server and web application, serving as an alternative to XML. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: JSON) 10 27 0.6 48.1 13 625.29 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7673-chart-wp.html sheffield college Sheffield College is a further education (FE) college in Sheffield, England. It was formed by the merger of six FE colleges in 1993. Its centres are Sheffield City College (in the city centre, formerly Castle College), Hillsborough College (which replaced Loxley College in Stannington, and Parson Cross College in 2005), Norton College and Peaks College. The Sheffield College also hosts The Online College, offering a range of online professional development and academic courses. Business Gateway is the employer facing arm of the College. In 2009, Skills For Business and the Business Development Unit, which organises Train To Gain and Apprenticeships, came under the banner of the Business Gateway. Skills for Business centres, at Hillsborough Barracks and The Source, offer IT training courses for adults. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Sheffield College) 1 6 0.1 100 6 600 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16159-chart-wp.html jquery jQuery is a cross-browser JavaScript library designed to simplify the client-side scripting of HTML. It was released in January 2006 at BarCamp NYC by John Resig. Used by over 43% of the 10,000 most visited websites, jQuery is the most popular JavaScript library in use today. jQuery is free, open source software, dual-licensed under the MIT License and the GNU General Public License, Version 2. jQuery's syntax is designed to make it easier to navigate a document, select DOM elements, create animations, handle events, and develop Ajax applications. jQuery also provides capabilities for developers to create plugins on top of the JavaScript library. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: jQuery) 2 6 0.1 100 6 600 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16050-chart-wp.html ark project Analysing Raptor at Kent (ARK) is a project adopting the production version of the Raptor toolkit and using it to improve our understanding of the demand for and use of electronic journals and databases, by the staff and students of the University of Kent. Raptor reports allow assessment of the usage of each Academic school, which can use this data to ensure provision of resources appropriate to the needs of users and to improve internal charging models. The project builds on the work of the successful Raptor pilot programme at Kent. The pilot established the viability of running a pre-release version of the Raptor toolkit, on the University's servers. This pilot also made a preliminary assessment of management overheads, software reliability, response times, support costs and the usefulness of Raptor reports to the needs of the Library and IT services. (Excerpt from this source) 2 6 0.1 100 6 600 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16129-chart-wp.html open source The term open source describes practices in production and development that promote access to the end product's source materials. Some consider open source a philosophy, others consider it a pragmatic methodology. Before the term open source became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of phrases to describe the concept; open source gained hold with the rise of the Internet, and the attendant need for massive retooling of the computing source code. Opening the source code enabled a self-enhancing diversity of production models, communication paths, and interactive communities. Subsequently, the new phrase "open-source software" was born to describe the environment that the new copyright, licensing, domain, and consumer issues created. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Open source) 237 689 13.9 9.3 64 595.20 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/44-chart-wp.html licence The verb license or grant licence means to give permission. The noun license (American English) or licence (British English) refers to that permission as well as to the document recording that permission. A license may be granted by a party ("licensor") to another party ("licensee") as an element of an agreement between those parties. A shorthand definition of a license is "an authorization (by the licensor) to use the licensed material (by the licensee)." In particular a license may be issued by authorities, to allow an activity that would otherwise be forbidden. It may require paying a fee and/or proving a capability. The requirement may also serve to keep the authorities informed on a type of activity, and to give them the opportunity to set conditions and limitations. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: License) 213 577 12.5 10.1 58 585.79 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12122-chart-wp.html doi A digital object identifier (DOI) is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata may change. Referring to an online document by its DOI provides more stable linking than simply referring to it by its URL, because if its URL changes, the publisher need only update the metadata for the DOI to link to the new URL. However, unlike URLs, the DOI system is not open to all comers; only organizations that can meet the contractual obligations of the DOI system and that are willing to pay to become a member of the system can assign DOIs. The DOI system is implemented through a federation of registration agencies coordinated by the International DOI Foundation, which developed and controls the system. The DOI system has been developed and implemented in a range of publishing applications since 2000; by late 2009 approximately 43 million DOI names had been assigned by some 4,000 organizations. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: DOI) 56 296 3.3 13.9 41 569.89 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/105-chart-wp.html digitisation Digitising or digitisation is the representation of an object, image, sound, document or a signal (usually an analog signal) by a discrete set of its points or samples. The result is called digital representation or, more specifically, a digital image, for the object, and digital form, for the signal. Strictly speaking, digitizing means simply capturing an analog signal in digital form. For a document the term means to trace the document image or capture the "corners" where the lines end or change direction. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Digitisation) 247 771 14.5 8.2 63 516.60 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/125-chart-wp.html fedora commons Fedora (or Flexible Extensible Digital Object Repository Architecture) is a modular architecture built on the principle that interoperability and extensibility is best achieved by the integration of data, interfaces, and mechanisms (i.e., executable programs) as clearly defined modules. Fedora is a digital asset management (DAM) architecture, upon which many types of digital library, institutional repositories, digital archives, and digital libraries systems might be built. Fedora is the underlying architecture for a digital repository, and is not a complete management, indexing, discovery, and delivery application. The Fedora software is available under the terms of the Apache License. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Fedora Commons) 65 488 3.8 10.2 50 510 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8490-chart-wp.html dcc The Digital Curation Centre (DCC) was established to help solve the extensive challenges of digital preservation and digital curation and to lead research, development, advice, and support services for higher education institutions in the United Kingdom. The original call to establish the DCC described its function as: '...to provide a national focus for research into curation issues and expertise in the processes of digital archiving, preservation and management. Particular emphasis will be placed on the needs of users of the Centre's outputs'. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: DCC) 72 346 4.2 12.1 42 508.19 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5852-chart-wp.html villanova university Villanova University is a private university located in Radnor Township, a suburb northwest of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the United States. Named for Saint Thomas of Villanova, the school is the oldest Catholic university in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. For more than a decade, Villanova University has been ranked #1 by U.S. News and World Report in the Best Universities-Masters category in the northern region, a ranking for schools in the North which offer strong Masters, and undergraduate programs while having lesser doctorate programs. Villanova has several highly regarded academic programs, including an engineering school that is ranked #9 among undergraduate engineering programs whose highest degree is a masters. The Villanova School of Business was ranked #7 in the 2011 Business Week rankings of undergraduate business schools, #69 in the 2012 U.S. News and World Report rankings of undergraduate business schools, and #29 in the Financial Times' ranking of top executive MBA programs. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Villanova University) 1 5 0.1 100 5 500 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15970-chart-wp.html finereader ABBYY FineReader is an optical character recognition (OCR) application developed by ABBYY. FineReader was designed as a professional-level application for converting scanned images, photographs of documents and PDF files into editable and searchable formats such as Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Powerpoint, Rich Text Format, HTML, PDF/A, searchable PDF, CSV and text files. ABBYY FineReader is in competition with Nuance OmniPage as well as free software for optical character recognition. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: FineReader) 1 5 0.1 100 5 500 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16021-chart-wp.html ubird User Behaviour in Resource Discovery (UBiRD) analyses information-seeking behaviour of students and researchers working in the Business and Economics disciplines using subscribed and freely available Internet resource discovery systems in three UK HE institutions: Cranfield University, London School of Economics and Middlesex University. The final report provides an understanding of (i) how different users (undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers) currently seek information on the existing resource discovery systems, (ii) the roadmap used in a user’s information seeking journey, and (iii) their expectations and needs based on their understanding and experience of using the Internet to find information resources for academic study. The report also includes several recommendations to publishers and librarians that will help improve the user experience as well as help e-resources be discovered and used. 1 5 0.1 100 5 500 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16053-chart-wp.html ionian university The Ionian University is a university located in the city of Corfu, Greece. It was established in 1984 by the Greek government under the Prime Ministership of Andreas Papandreou, in recognition of Corfu's contribution to Education in Greece as the seat of the first University of Greece, the Ionian Academy, that was established in 1824, forty years before the cession of the Ionian islands to Greece and just three years after Greece's Revolution of 1821. Andreas Papandreou thus kept an election promise to the people of Corfu, satisfying their long held demand that a successor University to the Ionian Academy be built. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Ionian University) 1 5 0.1 100 5 500 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16119-chart-wp.html university of sheffield The University of Sheffield is a leading research university based in the city of Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England. It is one of the original 'red brick' universities and is a member of the Russell Group of leading research intensive universities. It was ranked 40th in the world's top 100 universities by the Global University Ranking Study 2009 and is consistently ranked amongst the top 20 universities in the United Kingdom and Europe according to The Good University Guide. It was the Sunday Times University of the Year in 2001. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Sheffield) 70 109 4.1 21.1 23 485.30 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13317-chart-wp.html sfx SFX was the first OpenURL link resolver or link server. It remains the most widely-used OpenURL resolver, being used by over 1,500 libraries. Librarians Herbert van de Sompel, Patrick Hochstenbach and their colleagues at Ghent University in Belgium developed the OpenURL framework from 1998 to 2000. At that time they called it by the working title Special Effects (SFX). As part of the OpenURL development, they implemented the linking server software called SFX server. In early 2000, Ex Libris, Ltd acquired the SFX server software from Ghent University. Ex Libris re-engineered the software and marketed it to libraries as an autonomous component of the OpenURL framework. Ex Libris continues to develop the software and add enhancements recommended by its customers. SFX is the most widely-known OpenURL link server within the library and scholarly publishing community, and occasionally the product name has been used as a generic term for OpenURL link servers. For other meanings of this term, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFX . (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SFX) 25 109 1.5 21.1 23 485.30 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15989-chart-wp.html search technology Modern web search engines are complex software systems using the technology that has evolved over the years. There are several categories of search engine software: Web search engines (example: Lucene), database or structured data search engines (example: Dieselpoint), and mixed search engines or enterprise search (example: Google Search Appliance). The largest web search engines such as Google and Yahoo! utilize tens or hundreds of thousands of computers to process billions of web pages and return results for thousands of searches per second. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Search engine technology) 893 6597 52.3 2.7 177 477.89 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1563-chart-wp.html curation Digital curation is the selection, preservation, maintenance, collection and archiving of digital assets. Digital curation is the process of establishing and developing long term repositories of digital assets for current and future reference by researchers, scientists, and historians, and scholars generally. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Digital curation) 112 372 6.6 11.3 42 474.60 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4556-chart-wp.html visualisation Data visualization is the study of the visual representation of data, meaning "information which has been abstracted in some schematic form, including attributes or variables for the units of information". Data visualization is closely related to Information graphics, Information visualization, Scientific visualization and Statistical graphics. In the new millennium data visualization has become active area of research, teaching and development. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Data visualization) 94 184 5.5 15.8 29 458.19 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1242-chart-wp.html university of glamorgan The University of Glamorgan (Welsh: Prifysgol Morgannwg) is a university based in Pontypridd, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales with campuses in Treforest, Glyntaff, Merthyr Tydfil, Tyn y Wern (The Glamorgan Sport Park) and Cardiff. The university has four faculties, and is the only university in Wales which has no current or former link with the University of Wales. The University currently serves around 21,500 students, with 10,227 registered as full-time undergraduates. The university currently offers around 200 courses and in 2009 claimed to have one of the highest graduate employment rates in Wales, reporting that 94.3 per cent of 2007-08 graduates found employment within six months of graduation. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Glamorgan) 12 22 0.7 45.5 10 455 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13756-chart-wp.html wiki A wiki is a website that allows the creation and editing of any number of interlinked web pages via a web browser using a simplified markup language or a WYSIWYG text editor. Wikis are typically powered by wiki software and are often used collaboratively by multiple users. Examples include community websites, corporate intranets, knowledge management systems, and note services. The software can also be used for personal notetaking. Wikis serve different purposes. Some permit control over different functions (levels of access). For example editing rights may permit changing, adding or removing material. Others may permit access without enforcing access control. Other rules can be imposed for organizing content. Ward Cunningham, the developer of the first wiki software, WikiWikiWeb, originally described it as "the simplest online database that could possibly work." "Wiki" is a Hawaiian word for "fast". (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Wiki) 135 734 7.9 7.6 56 425.60 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/36-chart-wp.html schema The word schema comes from the Greek word skhÄ“ma, which means shape, or more generally, plan. In English, both schemas and schemata are used as plural forms. In computer science, schema commonly refers to database schema or XML schema, a way to define the structure, content and, to some extent, the semantics of XML documents. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Schema) 165 415 9.7 10.1 42 424.19 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/153-chart-wp.html database A database is a system intended to organize, store, and retrieve large amounts of data easily. It consists of an organized collection of data for one or more uses, typically in digital form. One way of classifying databases involves the type of their contents, for example: bibliographic, document-text, statistical. Digital databases are managed using database management systems, which store database contents, allowing data creation and maintenance, and search and other access. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Database) 779 3223 45.6 3.6 117 421.19 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/50-chart-wp.html framework In computer programming, a software framework is an abstraction in which common code providing generic functionality can be selectively overridden or specialized by user code, thus providing specific functionality. Frameworks are a special case of software libraries in that they are reusable abstractions of code wrapped in a well-defined Application programming interface (API), yet they contain some key distinguishing features that separate them from normal libraries. There are different types of software frameworks: conceptual, application, domain, platform, component, service, development, etc.... The designers of software frameworks aim to facilitate software development by allowing designers and programmers to devote their time to meeting software requirements rather than dealing with the more standard low-level details of providing a working system, thereby reducing overall development time. For example, a team using a web application framework to develop a banking web-site can focus on the operations of account withdrawals rather than the mechanics of request handling and state management. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Framework) 485 1329 28.4 5.6 75 420 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/34-chart-wp.html simon fraser university Simon Fraser University (commonly referred to as SFU) is a Canadian public research university in British Columbia with its main campus on Burnaby Mountain in Burnaby, and satellite campuses in Vancouver and Surrey. The 1.7 km2 (0.66 sq mi) main campus in Burnaby, located 20 km (12 mi) from downtown Vancouver, was established in 1965 and has more than 35,000 students and 950 faculty members. The university is adjacent to a new urban village, called UniverCity, also on top of Burnaby Mountain. SFU was ranked 1st among Canada's Comprehensive Universities in 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 by Maclean's. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Simon Fraser University) 4 6 0.2 83.3 5 416.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16104-chart-wp.html tns rms RMS is a full service research agency founded 1980. Over the last 30 years the agency has grown to be the largest and most respected market research agency servicing many multinationals in West and Central African regions. RMS currently has more than 250 permanent staff and over 2,700 field workers in offices located in Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal, Cameroun, DR Congo, Cote D'Voire. RMS prides itself as West and Central Africa's research specialist, which is self evident in wide ranging experience spanning the majority of these African markets and a teeming list of multinational clients operating in varying business sectors. (Excerpt from this source) 1 4 0.1 100 4 400 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16017-chart-wp.html hanzo archives Hanzo Archives is the leading innovator in the emergent web archiving industry. We provide commercial website and social media archiving for some of the world's biggest brands. Clients rely on our products, solutions, and technologies for many reasons including: regulatory compliance, records management, e-discovery, cultural heritage, and more. (Excerpt from this source) 1 4 0.1 100 4 400 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16024-chart-wp.html arcomem ARCOMEM is a EU-funded research project. It is about memory institutions like archives, museums, and libraries in the age of the Social Web. Memory institutions are more important now than ever: as we face greater economic and environmental challenges we need our understanding of the past to help us navigate to a sustainable future. This is a core function of democracies, but this function faces stiff new challenges in face of the Social Web, and of the radical changes in information creation, communication and citizen involvement that currently characterise our information society (e.g., there are now more social network hits than Google searches). (Excerpt from this source) 1 4 0.1 100 4 400 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16026-chart-wp.html data without boundaries The Data without Boundaries ‐ DwB ‐ project exists to support equal and easy access to official microdata for the European Research Area, within a structured framework where responsibilities and liability are equally shared. Europe needs a comprehensive and easy-to-access research data infrastructure to be able to continuously produce cutting-edge research and reliable policy evaluations. (Excerpt from this source) 1 4 0.1 100 4 400 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16027-chart-wp.html university of malta The University of Malta is the highest educational institution in Malta offering undergraduate Bachelor's Degrees, postgraduate Master's Degrees and postgraduate Doctorates (PhD). It is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities. In post-nominals the university's name is abbreviated as Melit., a shortened form of Melita (A Latinised form of the Greek). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Malta) 3 4 0.2 100 4 400 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16098-chart-wp.html schema.org Schema.org is an initiative launched on 2 June 2011 by Bing, Google and Yahoo!to "create and support a common set of schemas for structured data markup on web pages." On 1 November Yandex (whose search engine is the largest one in Russia) joined the initiative. They propose using their schemas and Microdata in HTML5 to mark up website content with metadata about itself. Such markup can be recognized by search engine spiders and other parsers, thus gaining access to the meaning of the sites. The initiative started with a small number of formats, but the long term goal is to support a wider range of schemas. The initiative also describes an extension mechanism for adding additional properties. Much of the vocabulary on schema.org was inspired by earlier formats such as Microformats, FOAF, GoodRelations and OpenCyc. RDF applications can use Microdata2RDF service. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Schema.org) 2 4 0.1 100 4 400 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16103-chart-wp.html ndsa The National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) is an archival program led by the Library of Congress to archive and provide access to digital resources. The U.S. Congress established the program in 2000. The Library was chosen because of its mission to "sustain and preserve a universal collection of knowledge and creativity for future generations," and also because of its role as one of the leading providers of high-quality content on the Internet. The Library of Congress has formed a national network of partners dedicated to preserving specific types of digital content that is at risk of loss. In July 2010, the Library launched a National Digital Stewardship Alliance (NDSA) to extend the work of NDIIPP to more institutions. NDSA has several is developing improved preservation standards and practices; working with experts to identify categories of digital information that are most worthy of preservation; and taking steps to incorporate content into a national collection. (Excerpt from this source) 1 4 0.1 100 4 400 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16135-chart-wp.html rdwg Research and Development Working Group (RDWG) is a working group of the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI), to increase the incorporation of accessibility considerations into research on web technologies, and to identify projects researching web accessibility and suggest research questions that may contribute to new projects. RDWG maintains an annotated catalog of research topics related to web accessibility. The catalog includes a combination of research topics with short-, medium-, and long-term perspectives to help advance accessibility for people with disabilities. (Excerpt from this source) 2 4 0.1 100 4 400 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16142-chart-wp.html standards A technical standard is an established norm or requirement about technical systems. It is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes and practices. In contrast, a custom, convention, company product, corporate standard, etc. which becomes generally accepted and dominant is often called a de facto standard. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Technical standard) 567 1541 33.2 5.1 78 397.80 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15864-chart-wp.html google Google Inc. is an American multinational public corporation invested in Internet search, cloud computing, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program. The company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, often dubbed the "Google Guys", while the two were attending Stanford University as PhD candidates. It was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 4, 1998, and its initial public offering followed on August 19, 2004. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Google) 303 1248 17.8 5.6 70 392 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/101-chart-wp.html facebook Facebook (stylized facebook) is a social networking service and website launched in February 2004, operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc. As of January 2011, Facebook has more than 600 million active users. Users may create a personal profile, add other users as friends, and exchange messages, including automatic notifications when they update their profile. Additionally, users may join common interest user groups, organized by workplace, school or college, or other characteristics. The name of the service stems from the colloquial name for the book given to students at the start of the academic year by university administrations in the United States to help students get to know each other better. Facebook allows anyone who declares themselves to be at least 13 years old to become a registered user of the website. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Facebook) 65 189 3.8 14.3 27 386.10 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8241-chart-wp.html identifier An identifier is a unique expression in a written format either by a code, by numbers or by the combination of both to distinguish variations from one to another among a class of substances, items, or objects. For living organisms and the structural identifications of objects, identifiers could be more complicated. In computer science, Identifiers (IDs) are lexical tokens that name entities. The concept is analogous to that of a "name." Identifiers are used extensively in virtually all information processing systems. Naming entities makes it possible to refer to them, which is essential for any kind of symbolic processing. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Identifier) 283 1464 16.6 5.1 75 382.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/138-chart-wp.html memento Memento is a United States National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP)-funded project aimed at making Web-archived content more readily discoverable. This project is being led by the Los Alamos National Laboratory and Old Dominion University. Rather than expecting people to know about the growing number of Web archives, and to guess which archive might hold an older version of the resource they're looking for, Memento proposes to make archived content discoverable via the original URL that the searcher already knew about. (Excerpt from this source) 5 17 0.3 47.1 8 376.80 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16138-chart-wp.html iassist IASSIST is an international organization of professionals working with information technology and data services to support research and teaching in the social sciences. As an organization IASSIST strives to: foster and promote a network of excellence for data service delivery; advance infrastructure in the social sciences; provide opportunities for collegial exchange of sound professional practices. (Excerpt from this source) 2 7 0.1 71.4 5 357 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15998-chart-wp.html university of pretoria The University of Pretoria is a multi campus public research university in Pretoria, the administrative and de facto capital of South Africa. The university was established in 1908 as the Pretoria campus of the Johannesburg-based Transvaal University College and is the fourth South African institution in continuous operation to be awarded university status. The university has grown from the original 32 students in a single late Victorian house to approximately 39,000 in 2010. The University was built on 7 suburban campuses on 1120ha (2767acre). The University is organised into nine faculties and a business school. Established in 1920, the University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science is the second oldest veterinary school in Africa and the only veterinary school in South Africa. In 1949 the university launched the first MBA programme outside of North America and the university's Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) has consistently been ranked the top business school in Africa for executive education, as well as being placed in the top 50 in the world. In 2012 the Financial Times ranked the GIBS Executive MBA 1st in Africa and 60th in the world. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Pretoria) 7 34 0.4 32.4 11 356.39 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14985-chart-wp.html optical character recognition Optical character recognition, usually abbreviated to OCR, is the mechanical or electronic translation of scanned images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into machine-encoded text. It is widely used to convert books and documents into electronic files, to computerize a record-keeping system in an office, or to publish the text on a website. OCR makes it possible to edit the text, search for a word or phrase, store it more compactly, display or print a copy free of scanning artifacts, and apply techniques such as machine translation, text-to-speech and text mining to it. OCR is a field of research in pattern recognition, artificial intelligence and computer vision. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Optical character recognition) 15 23 0.9 39.1 9 351.89 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1502-chart-wp.html avatar In computing, an avatar is the graphical representation of the user or the user's alter ego or character. It may take either a three-dimensional form, as in games or virtual worlds, or a two-dimensional form as an icon in Internet forums and other online communities. It can also refer to a text construct found on early systems such as MUDs. It is an object representing the user. The term "avatar" can also refer to the personality connected with the screen name, or handle, of an Internet user. For other meanings of this term, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(disambiguation) . (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Avatar) 7 14 0.4 50 7 350 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15997-chart-wp.html ifla The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) is a leading international association of library organisations. It is a global voice of the library and information profession, and its annual conference provides a venue for librarians to learn from one another. The IFLA forum promotes international cooperation, research and development in all fields related to library activities. The current president of IFLA is Ingrid Parent. A very important and close partner of the IFLA is UNESCO. Several of the manifestos prepared by committees of the IFLA have been recognized as UNESCO manifestos. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: IFLA) 46 114 2.7 17.5 20 350 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16136-chart-wp.html wcag Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) are part of a series of Web accessibility guidelines published by the W3C's Web Accessibility Initiative. They consist of a set of guidelines on making content accessible, primarily for disabled users, but also for all user agents, including highly limited devices, such as mobile phones. The current version is 2.0. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)) 14 74 0.8 21.6 16 345.60 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13701-chart-wp.html knowledge management Knowledge Management (KM) comprises a range of strategies and practices used in an organization to identify, create, represent, distribute, and enable adoption of insights and experiences. Such insights and experiences comprise knowledge, either embodied in individuals or embedded in organizational processes or practice. Knowledge Management efforts typically focus on organizational objectives such as improved performance, competitive advantage, innovation, the sharing of lessons learned, integration and continuous improvement of the organization. KM efforts overlap with organizational learning, and may be distinguished from that by a greater focus on the management of knowledge as a strategic asset and a focus on encouraging the sharing of knowledge. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Knowledge management) 67 141 3.9 15.6 22 343.19 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2652-chart-wp.html second life Second Life (SL) is an online virtual world developed by Linden Lab which was launched on June 23, 2003. A number of free client programs called Viewers enable Second Life users, called Residents, to interact with each other through avatars. Residents can explore the world (known as the grid), meet other residents, socialize, participate in individual and group activities, and create and trade virtual property and services with one another. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Second life) 20 111 1.2 17.1 19 324.89 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8231-chart-wp.html endangered archives programme Endangered Archives Programme aims to contribute to the preservation of archival material that is in danger of destruction, neglect or physical deterioration world-wide. This is achieved principally through the award of grants in an annual competition. The grants provide funding to enable successful applicants to locate relevant endangered archival collections, to arrange their transfer to a suitable local archival home where possible, to create digital copies of the material and to deposit the copies with local institutions and the British Library. (Excerpt from this source) 2 5 0.1 80 4 320 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15996-chart-wp.html dissemination To disseminate, in terms of the field of communication, means to broadcast a message to the public without direct feedback from the audience. Dissemination takes on the theory of the traditional view of communication, which involves a sender and receiver. The traditional communication view point is broken down into a sender sending information, and receiver collecting the information processing it and sending information back, like a telephone line. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Dissemination) 241 410 14.1 8.8 36 316.80 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/53-chart-wp.html html5 HTML5 is a language for structuring and presenting content for the World Wide Web, a core technology of the Internet. It is the latest revision of the HTML standard (originally created in 1990) and currently remains under development. Its core aims have been to improve the language with support for the latest multimedia while keeping it easily readable by humans and consistently understood by computers and devices (web browsers, parsers etc.). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: HTML5) 7 16 0.4 43.8 7 306.60 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11396-chart-wp.html claddier This project will build and deploy a demonstration system linking publications held in two institutional repositories (Southampton University and the CCLRC) with data holdings in the British Atmospheric Data Centre. As well as the demonstration system, a workshop disseminating information about the project will be held for the environmental science community, and four significant reports will be produced: User Experience of the CLADDIER System (written by active environmental scientists based on their experiences); Identifier Migration Issues for Repositories; Recommendations for data/publication linkage (based on lessons learned, and a review of the literature); Methodologies and Practices for Data Publication. The CLADDIER system will be a step on the road to a situation where (in this case, environmental) scientists will to be able to move seamlessly from information discovery (location), through acquisition to deposition of new material, with all the digital objects correctly identified and cited. The lessons learned will be of applicability for the relationships between other discipline based repositories and institutional repositories. Project start date: 2005-06-01. Project end date: 2007-05-31. (Excerpt from this source) 5 16 0.3 43.8 7 306.60 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13562-chart-wp.html preservation Digital preservation is the active management of digital information over time to ensure its accessibility. Preservation of digital information is widely considered to require more constant and ongoing attention than preservation of other media. This constant input of effort, time, and money to handle rapid technological and organizational advance is considered a major stumbling block for preserving digital information. Indeed, while we are still able to read our written heritage from several thousand years ago, the digital information created merely a decade ago is in serious danger of being lost, creating a digital Dark Age. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Digital preservation) 355 1812 20.8 4.1 74 303.39 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/176-chart-wp.html british oceanographic data centre The British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC) is a national facility for looking after and distributing data about the marine environment. BODC deal with a range of physical, chemical and biological data, which help scientists provide answers to both local questions (such as the likelihood of coastal flooding) and global issues (such as the impact of climate change). BODC is the designated marine science data centre for the UK's Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). The centre provides a resource for science, education and industry, as well as the general public. BODC is hosted by the National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Liverpool. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: British Oceanographic Data Centre) 1 3 0.1 100 3 300 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15919-chart-wp.html software sustainability institute The Software Sustainability Institute is a national facility for building better software based in the UK and founded in 2010. The Institute is based at the University of Edinburgh with sites at the University of Manchester and the University of Southampton. It is an academic institute run for the benefit of researchers and software developers, and funded by the Engineering and Physical Research Council (EPSRC) with further funding from the Joint Information Systems Council (JISC). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Software Sustainability Institute) 1 3 0.1 100 3 300 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15976-chart-wp.html welsh government The Welsh Government (Welsh: Llywodraeth Cymru) is the executive branch of the devolved government in Wales. It is accountable to the National Assembly for Wales, the legislature which represents the interests of the Welsh people and makes laws for Wales. The National Assembly was created by the Government of Wales Act 1998. The Welsh Government and the National Assembly for Wales were established as separate institutions under the Government of Wales Act 2006. The Government is referred to in that Act as the Welsh Assembly Government, but to prevent confusion about the respective roles and responsibilities of the National Assembly and the Government, the devolved administration became known as the Welsh Government in May 2011, following the precedent set by the Scottish Government re-name in 2007. The Welsh Government consists of the First Minister, usually the leader of the largest party in the National Assembly for Wales; up to twelve ministers and deputy ministers, appointed by the First Minister; and a Counsel General, nominated by the First Minister and approved by the National Assembly. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Welsh Government) 1 3 0.1 100 3 300 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16019-chart-wp.html brightsolid Founded in 1995 brightsolid is one of the UK's pioneering internet companies and a leading online publishing and online technology business. We provide innovative online solutions to our customers, whether that is a FTSE100 company requiring absolute reliability and performance in their IT infrastructure or a consumer researching their family history from the comfort of their home. Two main operating businesses are: online publishing; online technology. brightsolid online innovation is owned by Publisher DC Thomson (Excerpt from this source) 1 3 0.1 100 3 300 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16020-chart-wp.html kis Key Information Sets (KIS) are comparable sets of information about full or part time undergraduate courses and are designed to meet the information needs of prospective students. From September 2012 all KIS information will be published on the Unistats web-site and will also be accessed via a small advert, or 'widget', on the course web pages of universities and colleges.‌The development of Key Information Sets (KIS) forms part of HEFCE work to enhance the information that is available about higher education. It will give prospective students access to robust, reliable and comparable information in order to help them make informed decisions about what and where to study. KIS will contain information which prospective students have identified as useful, such as student satisfaction, graduate outcomes, learning and teaching activities, assessment methods, tuition fees and student finance, accommodation and professional accreditation. (Excerpt from this source) 1 3 0.1 100 3 300 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16069-chart-wp.html pirus2 The aim of the PIRUS2 Project is to enable publishers, repositories and other organizations to generate and share authoritative, trustworthy usage statistics for the individual articles and other items that they host. The project has the following main objectives: developing a suite of free, open source programmes to support the generation and sharing of COUNTER compliant usage data and statistics that can be extended to cover any and all individual items in repositories; develop a prototype article level Publisher/Repository statistics service; defining a core set of standard usage statistics reports that repositories should produce for internal and external consumption. (Excerpt from this source) 1 3 0.1 100 3 300 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16100-chart-wp.html microsoft reporting services Microsoft Reporting Services is a fully featured business intelligence (BI) platform that integrates seamlessly with existing MS applications such as MS Office and MS Sharepoint. Microsoft Reporting Services aims to: optimise business workflows; aggregate large amounts of Business Data sets into useful sections; return real-time data; highlight opportunities. (Excerpt from this source) 2 3 0.1 100 3 300 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16132-chart-wp.html content management interoperability services Content Management Interoperability Services (CMIS) is a specification for improving interoperability between Enterprise Content Management systems. OASIS approved CMIS as an OASIS Specification on May 1, 2010. CMIS provides a common data model covering typed files, folders with generic properties that can be set or read. In addition there may be an access control system, and a checkout and version control facility, and the ability to define generic relations. There is a set of generic services for modifying and querying the data model, and several protocol bindings for these services, including SOAP and Representational State Transfer (REST), using the Atom convention. The model is based on common architectures of document management systems. Although initiated by AIIM, CMIS is now being administered by the OASIS standards body. Participants in the process include Adobe Systems Incorporated, Alfresco, EMC, eXo, FatWire, HP, IBM, ISIS Papyrus, Liferay, Microsoft, Open Text, Oracle and SAP. The standard is available for public comment at OASIS. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Content Management Interoperability Services) 1 3 0.1 100 3 300 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16164-chart-wp.html tiff TIFF (originally standing for Tagged Image File Format) is a file format for storing images, popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry, and both amateur and professional photographers in general. As of 2009, it is under the control of Adobe Systems. Originally created by the company Aldus for use with what was then called "desktop publishing", the TIFF format is widely supported by image-manipulation applications, by publishing and page layout applications, by scanning, faxing, word processing, optical character recognition and other applications. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: TIFF) 19 69 1.1 20.3 14 284.19 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1357-chart-wp.html royal holloway Royal Holloway, University of London (RHUL) is a constituent college of the University of London. The college has three faculties, 18 academic departments, and about 8,000 undergraduate and postgraduate students from over 130 different countries. The campus is located slightly west of Egham, Surrey, within the boundary of the Greater London Urban Area, although outside of the M25 motorway and some 20 miles (32 km) from the geographic centre of London. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Royal Holloway, University of London) 19 43 1.1 25.6 11 281.60 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15974-chart-wp.html higher education Higher, post-secondary, tertiary, or third level education refers to the stage of learning that occurs at universities, academies, colleges, seminaries and institutes of technology. Higher education also includes certain collegiate-level institutions, such as vocational schools, trade schools, and career colleges, that award academic degrees or professional certifications. The right of access to higher education is enshrined in a number of international human rights instruments. The UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 declares, in Article 13, that "higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education". In Europe, Article 2 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950, obligates all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Higher Education Institution) 529 1363 31 4.5 62 279 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15918-chart-wp.html university of edinburgh The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1583, is a world renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The university is deeply embedded in the fabric of the city, with many of the iconic buildings in the historic Old Town belonging to the university. It was the fourth university to be established in Scotland and is widely regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in Europe, the top rated in Scotland according to the QS rankings, and has been consistently placed amongst the leading universities in the world. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Edinburgh) 92 193 5.4 11.9 23 273.69 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12353-chart-wp.html icsu The International Council for Science (ICSU) is an international non-governmental organization devoted to international cooperation in the advancement of science. Its members are national scientific bodies and international scientific unions. As of 2012, it comprises 120 multi-disciplinary National Scientific Members, Associates and Observers representing 140 countries and 31 international, disciplinary Scientific Unions. ICSU also has 22 Scientific Associates. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: ICSU) 3 6 0.2 66.7 4 266.80 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16112-chart-wp.html university of oxford The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University, or simply Oxford) is a university in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the second oldest surviving university in the world and the oldest in the English-speaking world. Oxford is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities, the Coimbra Group, the G5, the League of European Research Universities, and the International Alliance of Research Universities. It is also a core member of the Europaeum and forms part of the 'Golden Triangle' of British universities (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Oxford) 247 655 14.5 6.3 41 258.30 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12349-chart-wp.html social web The Social Web is a specified term for the World Wide Web as a kind of Social Media. The term is currently used to describe how people socialize or interact with each other throughout the Web. The Social Web mostly refers to social networking, myspace for example, and content-sharing sites (which also offer a social networking functionality) within Web 2.0. These social websites are mostly formed around the connections of people of the same interest, but there are several theories that specifies exactly how this formation works. There are for example said to be "people focus" websites such as PalBlast, Bebo, Facebook, and Myspace, that focus of social interaction, often by making the user create an online identity (and a profile). There is also socializing on the web that is typified by "hobby focus". For example, if one is interested in photography and wants to share this with like-minded people, then there are photography websites such as Flickr, Kodak Gallery and Photobucket. Often when speaking about the Social Web, collective intelligence is mentioned. Collective intelligence refers to the phenomena of internet users getting together, sharing content, in order to create something bigger than one single person could do. Sometimes, this is also called Wisdom of Crowds. Wikipedia is a perfect example of this. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Social web) 8 14 0.5 42.9 6 257.39 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8728-chart-wp.html restful Representational State Transfer (REST) is a style of software architecture for distributed hypermedia systems such as the World Wide Web. The term Representational State Transfer was introduced and defined in 2000 by Roy Fielding in his doctoral dissertation. Fielding is one of the principal authors of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) specification versions 1.0 and 1.1. Conforming to the REST constraints is referred to as being 'RESTful'. A RESTful web service (also called a RESTful web API) is a simple web service implemented using HTTP and the principles of REST. It is a collection of resources, with three defined aspects: 1) the base URI for the web service, such as http://example.com/resources/ ; 2) the Internet media type of the data supported by the web service. This is often JSON, XML or YAML but can be any other valid Internet media type; 3) the set of operations supported by the web service using HTTP methods (e.g., POST, GET, PUT or DELETE). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: RESTful web services) 7 10 0.4 50 5 250 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/52-chart-wp.html jisc techdis JISC TechDis is a leading UK advisory service on technologies for inclusion and accessibility. Its core remit is to support organisations within the post-16 education sectors (Higher Education, Further Education & Skills and Independent Specialist Colleges). (Excerpt from this source) 5 10 0.3 50 5 250 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16157-chart-wp.html augmented reality Augmented reality (AR) is a term for a live direct or an indirect view of a physical, real-world environment whose elements are augmented by computer-generated sensory input, such as sound or graphics. It is related to a more general concept called mediated reality, in which a view of reality is modified (possibly even diminished rather than augmented) by a computer. As a result, the technology functions by enhancing one's current perception of reality. By contrast, virtual reality replaces the real world with a simulated one. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Augmented reality) 7 20 0.4 35 7 245 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6364-chart-wp.html university of manchester The University of Manchester is a public research university located in Manchester, United Kingdom. It is a 'red brick' university and a member of the Russell Group of research-intensive British universities and the N8 Group. The university was formed in 2004 by the dissolution of the Victoria University of Manchester (which was commonly known as the University of Manchester) and UMIST (University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology) and the immediate formation of a single institution inaugurated on 1 October. The University of Manchester and the constituent former institutions combined have 25 Nobel Laureates among their past and present students and staff, the third highest number of any single university in the United Kingdom (after Cambridge and Oxford). Four Nobel laureates are currently among its staff - Andre Geim (Physics, 2010), Kostya Novoselov (Physics, 2010), Sir John Sulston (Physiology and Medicine, 2002) and Joseph Stiglitz (Economics, 2001). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Manchester) 87 164 5.1 12.2 20 244 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12582-chart-wp.html xml Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a set of rules for encoding documents in machine-readable form. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications, all gratis open standards. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: XML) 263 1201 15.4 4.5 54 243 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/70-chart-wp.html digital curation Digital curation is the selection, preservation, maintenance, collection and archiving of digital assets. Digital curation is the process of establishing and developing long term repositories of digital assets for current and future reference by researchers, scientists, and historians, and scholars generally. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Digital curation) 88 189 5.2 11.1 21 233.09 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4433-chart-wp.html ddi The Data Documentation Initiative (DDI) is an international project to create a standard for information describing statistical and social science data. Begun in 1995, the effort brings together data professionals from around the world to develop the standard. The DDI specification, written in XML, provides a format for content, exchange, and preservation of information. Version 3 of the DDI standard was released in April 2008. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: DDI) 3 7 0.2 57.1 4 228.40 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5866-chart-wp.html depositmo The DepositMO project aims to develop an effective culture change mechanism that will embed a deposit culture into the everyday work of researchers and lecturers. The proposal will extend the capabilities of repositories to exploit the familiar desktop and authoring environments of its users. The objective is to turn the repository into an invaluable extension to the researcher's desktop in which the deposit of research outputs becomes an everyday activity. The target desktop software suite is Microsoft Office, which is widely used across many disciplines, to maximise impact and benefit. Targeting both EPrints and DSpace, leveraging SWORD and ORE protocols, DepositMO outputs will support a large number of organisations. The ultimate goal is to change the Modus Operandi of researchers so that repository deposit becomes standard practice across a wide number of disciplines using familiar desktop tools. Project start date: 2010-07-01. Project end date: 2011-06-30. (Excerpt from this source) 4 7 0.2 57.1 4 228.40 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13644-chart-wp.html oxford internet institute The Oxford Internet Institute (OII) is a multi-disciplinary institute based at the University of Oxford, England, and housed in buildings owned by Balliol College, Oxford. It is devoted to the study of the societal implications of the Internet, with the aim of shaping research, policy and practice in the UK, Europe and around the world. It is the main UK member of the World Internet Project. Since 2006 the OII has run its own doctoral programme entitled "Information, Communication, and the Social Sciences." In October 2009 it launched a one-year MSc called "The Social Science of the Internet." The OII is located at the southern end of St Giles' in central Oxford near the Martyrs' Memorial. It celebrated its first decade in 2011. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Oxford Internet Institute) 4 7 0.2 57.1 4 228.40 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16013-chart-wp.html ukoer Open educational resources (OER) are "digitised materials offered freely and openly for educators, students and self-learners to use and reuse for teaching, learning and research." Being a production and dissemination mode, OER are not involved in awarding degrees nor in providing academic or administrative support to students. However, OER materials are beginning to get integrated into open and distance education. Some OER producers have involved themselves in social media to increase their content visibility and reputation. OER include different kinds of digital assets. Learning content includes courses, course materials, content modules, learning objects, collections, and journals. Tools include software that supports the creation, delivery, use and improvement of open learning content, searching and organization of content, content and learning management systems, content development tools, and on-line learning communities. Implementation resources include intellectual property licenses that govern open publishing of materials, design-principles, and localization of content. They also include materials on best practices such as stories, publication, techniques, methods, processes, incentives, and distribution. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Open Educational Resources) 3 4 0.2 75 3 225 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13885-chart-wp.html bodleian libraries The Bodleian Libraries are a collection of approximately 40 libraries that serve the University of Oxford, including, most famously, the Bodleian Library itself, as well as many other (but not all) central and faculty libraries. Together, the libraries hold 11 million printed items, as well as numerous other objects and artefacts. A major product of this collaboration has been a joint integrated library system, OLIS (Oxford Libraries Information System), and its public interface, SOLO (Search Oxford Libraries Online), which provides a union electronic catalogue covering all member libraries, as well as the libraries of individual colleges and other faculty libraries, which are not members of the group but do share cataloguing information. The group, founded in February 2000, was known as the Oxford University Library Services (OULS) until 2 March 2010 (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Bodleian Libraries) 3 4 0.2 75 3 225 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16158-chart-wp.html serials solutions Serials Solutions is a division of ProQuest that provides e-resource access and management services (ERAMS) to libraries. These products enable librarians to more easily manage electronic resources that serve the needs of their patrons. Serials Solutions headquarters is currently located in the Fremont neighborhood of Seattle. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Serials Solutions) 8 16 0.5 37.5 6 225 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16002-chart-wp.html british library The British Library is the library of the United Kingdom, and one of the world's largest libraries in terms of total number of items. The library is a major research library, holding over 150 million items from every country in the world, in virtually all known languages and in many formats, both print and digital: books, manuscripts, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, videos, play-scripts, patents, databases, maps, stamps, prints, drawings. The Library's collections include around 14 million books (second only to the USA's Library of Congress), along with substantial holdings of manuscripts and historical items dating back as far as 2000 BC. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: British Library) 265 710 15.5 5.6 40 224 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1174-chart-wp.html linked data Linked Data describes a method of publishing structured data, so that it can be interlinked and become more useful. It builds upon standard Web technologies, such as HTTP and URIs - but rather than using them to serve web pages for human readers, it extends them to share information in a way that can be read automatically by computers. This enables data from different sources to be connected and queried. Tim Berners-Lee, director of the World Wide Web Consortium, coined the term in a design note discussing issues around the Semantic Web project. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Linked Data) 29 89 1.7 15.7 14 219.80 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9904-chart-wp.html web accessibility initiative The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)'s Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) is an effort to improve the accessibility of the World Wide Web (WWW or Web) for people with disabilities. People with disabilities may encounter difficulties when using computers generally, but also on the Web. Since people with disabilities often require non-standard devices and browsers, making websites more accessible also benefits a wide range of user agents and devices, including mobile devices, which have limited resources. The W3C launched the Web Accessibility in 1997 with endorsement by The White House and W3C members. It has several working groups and interest groups that work on guidelines, technical reports, educational materials and other documents that relate to the several different components of web accessibility. These components include web content, web browsers and media players, authoring tools, and evaluation tools. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Web Accessibility Initiative) 27 78 1.6 16.7 13 217.09 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14030-chart-wp.html laurentian university Laurentian University was incorporated on March 28, 1960, is a mid-sized bilingual university in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. While LU's focus is primarily on undergraduate programming, the university also features Canada's newest medical school ‐ opened in 2005, the Northern Ontario School of Medicine, in consortium with Lakehead University. Its school of Graduate Studies offers a growing number of graduate-level degrees. Laurentian is the largest bilingual provider of distance education in Canada. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Laurentian University) 5 8 0.3 50 4 200 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15044-chart-wp.html city of glasgow college City of Glasgow College is a further education college in Glasgow, Scotland. The new college was created from the merger of three Glasgow colleges, Central College, Glasgow Metropolitan College and Glasgow College of Nautical Studies. The colleges agreed to merge in March 2009 and signed up to a merger Road Map in September 2009. The new college officially launched on 15th November 2010. With 50,000 students, it is the largest further education college in Scotland, and one of the largest in the UK (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: City of Glasgow College) 1 2 0.1 100 2 200 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15036-chart-wp.html national library of armenia The National Library of Armenia is the legal deposit and copyright for Armenia. It is located in Yerevan. The building dates from 1939 and was designed to house seven million books. The oldest book is Urbatagirk (1512, Venice). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: National Library of Armenia) 1 2 0.1 100 2 200 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15907-chart-wp.html tesseract Tesseract is a free software optical character recognition engine for various operating systems. Originally developed as proprietary software at Hewlett-Packard between 1985 and 1995, it had very little work done on it in the following decade. It was then released as open source in 2005 by Hewlett Packard and UNLV. Tesseract development has been sponsored by Google since 2006. It is released under the Apache License, Version 2.0. Tesseract is considered one of the most accurate free software OCR engines currently available. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Tesseract) 1 2 0.1 100 2 200 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16022-chart-wp.html ahlib AHLib is a collection of (currently) 105 books in Slovene, from the period 1848 ‐ 1918. The books are all translations from German and were digitised and their transcription hand-corrected with the aim of conducting translation studies over the corpus. More books from the original AHLib collection of facsimiles and automatic OCR are being corrected for the "Ground Truth Dataset" which is being produced by NUK, the National and University Library of Slovenia, in the context of the EU project IMPACT. Samples from AHLib books are also used as part of the a reference annotated corpus and a "silver standard" corpus as part of IMP language resources for historical Slovene. (Excerpt from this source) 1 2 0.1 100 2 200 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16023-chart-wp.html happy cog Happy Cog is an American interaction design studio headquartered in New York City with offices in Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Austin. Happy Cog's influence is widespread due to Founder Jeffrey Zeldman's well known work on establishing a set of web standards between all browser companies. Their design is heavily influenced not only by what is visually appealing, but also by best practices in web production. As such, Happy Cog's main focus is to 'never lose sight of the human being' using their products. Happy Cog leads a workshop on standards-based web design called An Event Apart, a three-day event that takes place in seven cities annually with the locations varying each year. Speakers, in addition to offering informative content, must have made major contributions to web design or development in order to qualify to speak at the event. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Happy Cog) 1 2 0.1 100 2 200 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16029-chart-wp.html nosql NoSQL (read sometimes as noseequel) is a relational database management system that is fast and portable. It is a shell-level tool. NoSQL runs under the UNIX operating system. In contrast to the NoSQL concept, which proposes distributed data stores that cannot use SQL at all, NoSQL intentionally avoids the usage of this language. NoSQL uses the operator-stream paradigm, where a number of "operators" perform a unique function on the passed data. The stream used is supplied by the UNIX input/output redirection system so that over the pipe system, the result of the calculation can be passed to other operators. As UNIX pipes run in memory, it is a very efficient way of implementation. NoSQL is written mostly in interpretive languages that makes it not the fastest RDBMS. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: NoSQL) 1 2 0.1 100 2 200 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16054-chart-wp.html dmponline DMP Online has been produced by the UK's Digital Curation Centre to help research teams respond to a recommendation in Lyon (2007) that "Each funded research project should submit a structured Data Management Plan for peer-review as an integral part of the application for funding." It draws upon the DCC's analysis of funders' requirements to help project teams in creating up to three iterations of a data management plan; the first ('minimal') plan for use at the grant application stage, a second ('core') version which is developed at the early-project stage and maintained throughout the project lifecycle, and a third ('full') plan which addresses issues of long-term preservation and access. (Excerpt from this source) 2 2 0.1 100 2 200 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16066-chart-wp.html paper.li Paper.li is a content curation service. It enables people to publish newspapers based on topics they like and treat their readers to fresh news, daily. Paper.li believe that people (and not machines) are the ones qualified to curate the content that matters most. Paper.li also think that these same people can greatly help their own communities to find their way through this 'massive content world' we live in. (Excerpt from this source) 1 2 0.1 100 2 200 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16067-chart-wp.html ruby Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, general-purpose object-oriented programming language that combines syntax inspired by Perl with Smalltalk-like features. Ruby originated in Japan during the mid-1990s and was first developed and designed by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto. It was influenced primarily by Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, and Lisp. Ruby supports multiple programming paradigms, including functional, object oriented, imperative and reflective. It also has a dynamic type system and automatic memory management; it is therefore similar in varying respects to Python, Perl, Lisp, Dylan, Pike, and CLU. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Ruby) 8 13 0.5 38.5 5 192.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6488-chart-wp.html cataloguing A library catalog (or library catalogue) is a register of all bibliographic items found in a library or group of libraries, such as a network of libraries at several locations. A bibliographic item can be any information entity (e.g., books, computer files, graphics, realia, cartographic materials, etc.) that is considered library material (e.g., a single novel in an anthology), or a group of library materials (e.g., a trilogy), or linked from the catalog (e.g., a webpage) as far as it is relevant to the catalog and to the users (patrons) of the library. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Library catalogue) 570 2679 33.4 2.7 71 191.69 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1178-chart-wp.html dvd DVD is an optical disc storage media format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than Compact Discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD. Such discs are known as DVD-ROM, because data can only be read and not written nor erased. Blank recordable DVDs (DVD-R and DVD+R) can be recorded once using optical disc recording technologies and supported by optical disc drives and DVD recorders and then function as a DVD-ROM. Rewritable DVDs (DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM) can be recorded and erased multiple times. DVDs are used in DVD-Video consumer digital video format and in DVD-Audio consumer digital audio format, as well as for authoring AVCHD discs. DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: DVD) 15 34 0.9 23.5 8 188 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3459-chart-wp.html national library of finland The National Library of Finland (Finnish: Kansalliskirjasto, Swedish: Nationalbibliotek) is the foremost research library in Finland. Administratively the library is part of the University of Helsinki. Until 1 August 2006, it was known as the Helsinki University Library. In addition to being the most important of the libraries of the University of Helsinki, the National Library is responsible for storing the Finnish cultural heritage. By Finnish law, the National Library is entitled to receive copies of all printed matter, as well as audiovisual materials excepting films, produced in Finland of for distribution in Finland. These copies are then distributed by the Library to its own national collection and to reserve collections of five other university libraries. Also, the National Library has the obligation to collect and preserve materials published on the Internet. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: National Library of Finland) 3 5 0.2 60 3 180 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15992-chart-wp.html search engine optimisation Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of improving the visibility of a website or a web page in search engines via the "natural" or un-paid ("organic" or "algorithmic") search results. Other forms of search engine marketing (SEM) target paid listings. In general, the earlier (or higher on the page), and more frequently a site appears in the search results list, the more visitors it will receive from the search engine's users. SEO may target different kinds of search, including image search, local search, video search, news search and industry-specific vertical search engines. This gives a website web presence. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Search engine optimization) 9 14 0.5 35.7 5 178.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6949-chart-wp.html wordpress WordPress is an open source blog tool and publishing platform powered by PHP and MySQL. It's often customized into a Content Management System (CMS). It has many features including a plug-in architecture and a template system. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: WordPress) 24 59 1.4 16.9 10 169 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6631-chart-wp.html elsevier Elsevier is a publishing company which publishes medical and scientific literature. It is a part of the Reed Elsevier group. Based in Amsterdam, the company has operations in the United Kingdom, USA and elsewhere. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Elsevier) 48 86 2.8 14 12 168 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1191-chart-wp.html controlled vocabularies Controlled vocabularies provide a way to organize knowledge for subsequent retrieval. They are used in subject indexing schemes, subject headings, thesauri and taxonomies. Controlled vocabulary schemes mandate the use of predefined, authorised terms that have been preselected by the designer of the vocabulary, in contrast to natural language vocabularies, where there is no restriction on the vocabulary. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Controlled vocabularies) 50 117 2.9 12 14 168 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12362-chart-wp.html wellcome trust The Wellcome Trust was established in 1936 as an independent charity funding research to improve human and animal health. With an endowment of around £13.9 billion, it is the United Kingdom's largest non-governmental source of funds for biomedical research. Now in its 75th year, the aim of the Trust is to "achieve extraordinary improvements in health by supporting the brightest minds", and in addition to funding biomedical research it supports the public understanding of science. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: wellcome Trust) 36 61 2.1 16.4 10 164 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15088-chart-wp.html information retrieval Information retrieval (IR) is the area of study concerned with searching for documents, for information within documents, and for metadata about documents, as well as that of searching structured storage, relational databases, and the World Wide Web. There is overlap in the usage of the terms data retrieval, document retrieval, information retrieval, and text retrieval, but each also has its own body of literature, theory, praxis, and technologies. IR is interdisciplinary, based on computer science, mathematics, library science, information science, information architecture, cognitive psychology, linguistics, and statistics. Automated information retrieval systems are used to reduce what has been called "information overload". Many universities and public libraries use IR systems to provide access to books, journals and other documents. Web search engines are the most visible IR applications. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Information retrieval) 118 223 6.9 8.5 19 161.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1180-chart-wp.html vocabularies Controlled vocabularies provide a way to organize knowledge for subsequent retrieval. They are used in subject indexing schemes, subject headings, thesauri and taxonomies. Controlled vocabulary schemes mandate the use of predefined, authorised terms that have been preselected by the designer of the vocabulary, in contrast to natural language vocabularies, where there is no restriction on the vocabulary. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Controlled vocabularies) 142 301 8.3 7.3 22 160.59 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/139-chart-wp.html ejournal Electronic journals, also known as ejournals, e-journals, and electronic serials, are scholarly journals or intellectual magazines that can be accessed via electronic transmission. In practice, this means that they are usually published on the Web. They are a specialized form of electronic document: they have the purpose of providing material for academic research and study, and they are formatted approximately like journal articles in traditional printed journals. Being in electronic form, articles sometimes contain metadata that can be entered into specialized databases, such as DOAJ or OACI, as well as the databases and search-engines for the academic discipline concerned. Some electronic journals are online-only journals; some are online versions of printed journals, and some consist of the online equivalent of a printed journal, but with additional online-only (sometimes video and interactive media) material. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Electronic journal) 97 333 5.7 6.9 23 158.69 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1867-chart-wp.html university of hull The University of Hull, also known as Hull University, is an English university, founded in 1927, located in Hull, a city in the East Riding of Yorkshire. Though classed as a provincial or "redbrick university", its expansion in recent decades has seen the addition of a variety of building styles from the traditional main buildings. The main campus is home to the Hull York Medical School, a joint initiative with the University of York. Students are served by Hull University Union. The University's Brynmor Jones Library was the workplace of the poet Philip Larkin who served as its Head Librarian for thirty years. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Hull) 62 130 3.6 10.8 14 151.19 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13326-chart-wp.html uri In computing, a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string of characters used to identify a name or a resource on the Internet. Such identification enables interaction with representations of the resource over a network (typically the World Wide Web) using specific protocols. Schemes specifying a concrete syntax and associated protocols define each URI. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: URI) 67 330 3.9 6.7 22 147.40 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2643-chart-wp.html aggregation In computing, a feed aggregator, also known as a feed reader, news reader, RSS reader or simply aggregator, is client software or a Web application which aggregates syndicated web content such as news headlines, blogs, podcasts, and vlogs in a single location for easy viewing. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Aggregation). See our disambiguation glossary for explanations of how 'Aggregation' is used in various contexts. 135 299 7.9 7 21 147 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1271-chart-wp.html loughborough university Loughborough University is a campus university located in the market town of Loughborough, Leicestershire, in the East Midlands of England. It has been a university since 1966, but the institution dates back to 1909, when the then Loughborough Technical Institute began with a focus on skills and knowledge which would be directly applicable in the wider world, a tradition which continues to this day, with the UNIEI funded Annual Survey on University Technology Transfer Activities finding Loughborough to be the most efficient technology transfer operation in the UK. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Loughborough University) 81 133 4.7 10.5 14 147 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13090-chart-wp.html middlesex university Middlesex University (abbr. MU, MDX) is a university in north London, England. It is located in the historic county boundaries of Middlesex from which it takes its name. It is one of the post-1992 universities and is a member of Million+ working group. As is the case with many former polytechnics, Middlesex was formally organised as a teaching institution relatively recently (in 1973), yet can trace its history back to 19th century. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Middlesex University) 7 11 0.4 36.4 4 145.59 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1300-chart-wp.html university of bath The University of Bath (informally Bath University) is a campus university located in Bath, United Kingdom. It received its Royal Charter in 1966. With 20 out of its 26 subjects being ranked within the top 10 universities in the UK, Bath is placed 6th three times in a row in the table of Who's in Top Ten of Their Subjects from the Complete University Guide published by the Independent in 2009, 2010 and 2011. In addition, the Guardian University Guide 2010 placed Bath 9th nationally. The university is a member of the 1994 Group of research-led British universities, the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Association of MBAs, the European Quality Improvement System, the European University Association, and the Universities UK. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Bath) 370 578 21.7 5 29 145 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13320-chart-wp.html digital preservation Digital preservation is the active management of digital information over time to ensure its accessibility. Preservation of digital information is widely considered to require more constant and ongoing attention than preservation of other media. This constant input of effort, time, and money to handle rapid technological and organizational advance is considered a major stumbling block for preserving digital information. Indeed, while we are still able to read our written heritage from several thousand years ago, the digital information created merely a decade ago is in serious danger of being lost, creating a digital Dark Age. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Digital preservation) 182 850 10.7 4.1 35 143.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1353-chart-wp.html ukoln UKOLN is a centre of expertise in digital information management, providing advice and services to the library, information, education and cultural heritage communities. UKOLN is based at the University of Bath and is funded by the JISC as well as project funding from JISC and the European Union. UKOLN's main work is: influencing policy and informing practice; promoting community-building and consensus making by actively raising awareness; advancing knowledge through research and development; building innovative systems and services based on Web technologies; acting as an agent for knowledge transfer. Its specialist areas include metadata and interoperability. It also publishes the Ariadne (Web magazine), targeted principally at information science professionals in academia, archives, libraries and museums. UKOLN also organises many events, including the annual Institutional Web Management Workshop. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: UKOLN) 579 1477 33.9 3.1 46 142.59 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/118-chart-wp.html copyright Copyright is a set of exclusive rights granted to the author or creator of an original work, including the right to copy, distribute and adapt the work. Copyright does not protect ideas, only their expression. In most jurisdictions copyright arises upon fixation and does not need to be registered. Copyright owners have the exclusive statutory right to exercise control over copying and other exploitation of the works for a specific period of time, after which the work is said to enter the public domain. Uses covered under limitations and exceptions to copyright, such as fair use, do not require permission from the copyright owner. All other uses require permission. Copyright owners can license or permanently transfer or assign their exclusive rights to others. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Copyright) 570 1584 33.4 3 47 141 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/168-chart-wp.html devcsi DevCSI is about helping software developers realise their full potential, by creating the conditions for them to be able to learn, network effectively, share ideas, collaborate and innovate creating a 'community' of developers in the learning provider sector which is greater than the sum of its parts. The developer benefits. The sector benefits. (Excerpt from this source) 12 35 0.7 20 7 140 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/54-chart-wp.html badc The British Atmospheric Data Centre (BADC) is the Natural Environment Research Council's (NERC) Designated Data Centre for the Atmospheric Sciences. The role of the BADC is to assist UK atmospheric researchers to locate, access and interpret atmospheric data and to ensure the long-term integrity of atmospheric data produced by NERC projects. (Excerpt from this source) 5 35 0.3 20 7 140 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15858-chart-wp.html machine learning Machine learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, is a scientific discipline concerned with the design and development of algorithms that allow computers to evolve behaviors based on empirical data, such as from sensor data or databases. A learner can take advantage of examples (data) to capture characteristics of interest of their unknown underlying probability distribution. Data can be seen as examples that illustrate relations between observed variables. A major focus of machine learning research is to automatically learn to recognize complex patterns and make intelligent decisions based on data; the difficulty lies in the fact that the set of all possible behaviors given all possible inputs is too large to be covered by the set of observed examples (training data). Hence the learner must generalize from the given examples, so as to be able to produce a useful output in new cases. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Machine learning) 10 18 0.6 27.8 5 139 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/75-chart-wp.html google docs Google Docs is a free, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service offered by Google. It allows users to create and edit documents online while collaborating in real-time with other users. Google Docs combines the features of Writely and Spreadsheets with a presentation program incorporating technology designed by Tonic Systems. Data storage of any files up to 1GB each in size was introduced on January 13, 2010. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Google Docs) 14 18 0.8 27.8 5 139 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13931-chart-wp.html usability Usability is the ease of use and learnability of a human-made object. The object of use can be a software application, website, book, tool, machine, process, or anything a human interacts with. A usability study may be conducted as a primary job function by a usability analyst or as a secondary job function by designers, technical writers, marketing personnel, and others. It is widely used in consumer electronics, communication, and knowledge transfer objects (such as a cookbook, a document or online help) and mechanical objects such as a door handle or a hammer. Usability includes methods of measuring usability and the study of the principles behind an object's perceived efficiency or elegance. In human-computer interaction and computer science, usability studies the elegance and clarity with which the interaction with a computer program or a web site (web usability) is designed. Usability differs from user satisfaction insofar as the former also embraces usefulness. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Usability) 156 451 9.1 5.5 25 137.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/80-chart-wp.html eduserv The Eduserv Foundation was a UK nonprofit educational charity that worked to realise the benefits of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) for learners, researchers and the institutions that serve them. The Foundation operated between July 2003 until 2008 during which period it launched a number of programmes of activity including: Eduserv Research Grants; Assistive Technology Licences; Tutor Guides for Vocational Education; and Information Literacy initiatives. The Foundation primarily funded work in the areas of: repositories, metadata and open access; access and identity management; service architectures; effective elearning. The Foundation was part of Eduserv, which is based in Bath, UK, and which continues to carry out research and innovation projects that build on the Foundations work. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Eduserv) 32 106 1.9 11.3 12 135.59 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4131-chart-wp.html chrome Google Chrome is a web browser developed by Google that uses the WebKit layout engine. It was first released as a beta version for Microsoft Windows on 2 September 2008, and the public stable release was on 11 December 2008. The name is derived from the graphical user interface frame, or "chrome", of web browsers. As of January 2011, Chrome was the third most widely used browser, and passed the 10% worldwide usage share of web browsers, according to Net Applications. In September 2008, Google released a large portion of Chrome's source code, including its V8 JavaScript engine, as an open source project entitled Chromium. This move enabled third-party developers to study the underlying source code and to help convert the browser to the Mac OS X and Linux operating systems. Google also expressed hope that other browsers would adopt V8 to improve web application performance. The Google-authored portion of Chromium is released under the permissive BSD license, which allows portions to be incorporated into both open source and closed source software programs. Other portions of the source code are subject to a variety of open source licenses. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Chrome) 3 3 0.2 66.7 2 133.40 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5819-chart-wp.html clifford chance Clifford Chance LLP is a global law firm headquartered in London, United Kingdom and a member of the 'Magic Circle' of leading UK law firms. It is one of the ten largest law firms in the world measured by both number of lawyers and revenue. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Clifford Chance) 3 3 0.2 66.7 2 133.40 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15028-chart-wp.html content licence The verb license or grant licence means to give permission. The noun license (American English) or licence (British English) refers to that permission as well as to the document recording that permission. A license may be granted by a party ("licensor") to another party ("licensee") as an element of an agreement between those parties. A shorthand definition of a license is "an authorization (by the licensor) to use the licensed material (by the licensee)." In particular a license may be issued by authorities, to allow an activity that would otherwise be forbidden. It may require paying a fee and/or proving a capability. The requirement may also serve to keep the authorities informed on a type of activity, and to give them the opportunity to set conditions and limitations. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: License) 3 3 0.2 66.7 2 133.40 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15244-chart-wp.html uk government web archive UK Government Web Archive: The National Archives is preserving government information published on the web by archiving UK Central Government Websites. (Excerpt from this source) 2 3 0.1 66.7 2 133.40 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16000-chart-wp.html widget In computer software, a widget engine is a software service available to users for running and displaying applets on a graphical user interface, such as that of the desktop. The widget model in widget engines is attractive because of ease of development. Most of these widgets can be created with a few images and about 10 to several hundred lines of XML / JavaScript / VBScript source code. A single host software system, such as a web browser, runs all the loaded widgets. This allows several desktop widgets to be built sharing resources and code. The term widget engine is not to be confused with that of a widget toolkit. Toolkits are used by GUI programmers, who combine several widgets to form a single application. A widget in a toolkit provides a single, low level interaction, and is prepared to communicate with other widgets in the toolkit. On the other hand, widget engines such as desktop widgets and web widgets are intended for end users. Desktop and web widgets are stand-alone, task-oriented applications which can be composed of several related interactions on its own. Each widget serves only a purpose that is usually addressed by the effort of one GUI widget in a full-scale application. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Widget engine) 14 37 0.8 18.9 7 132.30 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3609-chart-wp.html intranet focus ltd Intranet Focus Ltd provides information management and intranet management consulting services. The company was established in the UK in 1999 and over the last 12 years we have carried out a wide range of projects in the UK and the rest of Europe, the USA and the Middle East. (Excerpt from this source) 13 19 0.8 26.3 5 131.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15884-chart-wp.html css Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used to describe the presentation semantics (the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can also be applied to any kind of XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: CSS) 49 112 2.9 10.7 12 128.40 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/99-chart-wp.html web resources The concept of resource is primitive in the Web architecture, and is used in the definition of its fundamental elements. The term was first introduced to refer to targets of Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), but its definition has been further extended to include the referent of any Uniform Resource Identifier (RFC 3986), or Internationalized Resource Identifier (RFC 3987). In the Semantic Web, abstract resources and their semantic properties are described using the family of languages based on Resource Description Framework (RDF). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Web resource) 119 227 7 7.5 17 127.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1314-chart-wp.html perl Perl is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions and become widely popular amongst programmers. Larry Wall continues to oversee development of the core language, and its upcoming version, Perl 6. Perl borrows features from other programming languages including C, shell scripting (sh), AWK, and sed. The language provides powerful text processing facilities without the arbitrary data length limits of many contemporary Unix tools, facilitating easy manipulation of text files. Perl gained widespread popularity in the late 1990s as a CGI scripting language, in part due to its parsing abilities. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Perl) 77 227 4.5 7.5 17 127.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1315-chart-wp.html ontologies In computer science and information science, an ontology is a formal representation of knowledge as a set of concepts within a domain, and the relationships between those concepts. It is used to reason about the entities within that domain, and may be used to describe the domain. Its meaning is vastly different from the word Ontology in philosophy. In theory, an ontology is a "formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualisation". An ontology provides a shared vocabulary, which can be used to model a domain - that is, the type of objects and/or concepts that exist, and their properties and relations. Ontologies are the structural frameworks for organizing information and are used in artificial intelligence, the Semantic Web, systems engineering, software engineering, biomedical informatics, library science, enterprise bookmarking, and information architecture as a form of knowledge representation about the world or some part of it. The creation of domain ontologies is also fundamental to the definition and use of an enterprise architecture framework. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Ontology) 68 226 4 7.5 17 127.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1926-chart-wp.html mimas Mimas is a nationally designated academic data centre based at The University of Manchester in the United Kingdom. Its role is to support the advancement of knowledge, powering world-class research and teaching. Mimas hosts a significant number of the UK's research information assets - and builds applications to help people make the most of this rich resource. The organisation has a longstanding relationship with JISC, developing services that support teaching, learning and research, and strong connections with research councils, especially the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Mimas) 59 154 3.5 9.1 14 127.40 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3402-chart-wp.html youtube YouTube is a video-sharing website on which users can upload, share, and view videos, created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. YouTube is a video-sharing website on which users can upload, share, and view videos, created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: YouTube) 56 115 3.3 10.4 12 124.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7907-chart-wp.html alt Founded in 1993, Association for Learning Technology (ALT) is registered charity number 1063519, the UK's leading membership organisation in the learning technology field. Its purpose is to ensure that use of learning technology is effective and efficient, informed by research and practice, and grounded in an understanding of the underlying technologies, their capabilities and the situations into which they are placed. Learning technology is the broad range of communication, information and related technologies that can be used to support learning, teaching, and assessment. (Excerpt from this source) 59 116 3.5 10.3 12 123.59 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16085-chart-wp.html university of the arts london The University of the Arts London, formerly known as the London Institute, is a collegiate university comprising six internationally recognised art, design, fashion and media colleges in London, England. The constituent colleges are Camberwell College of Arts, Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design, Chelsea College of Art and Design, London College of Communication, London College of Fashion and Wimbledon College of Art. The university is Europe's largest provider of education in art, design, fashion, communication and the performing arts. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of the Arts London) 5 13 0.3 30.8 4 123.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13805-chart-wp.html privacy Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves and thereby reveal themselves selectively. The boundaries and content of what is considered private differ among cultures and individuals, but share basic common themes. Privacy is sometimes related to anonymity, the wish to remain unnoticed or unidentified in the public realm. When something is private to a person, it usually means there is something within them that is considered inherently special or personally sensitive. The degree to which private information is exposed therefore depends on how the public will receive this information, which differs between places and over time. Privacy partially intersects security, including for instance the concepts of appropriate use, as well as protection, of information. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Privacy) 102 183 6 8.2 15 123 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14701-chart-wp.html internet explorer Windows Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included as part of the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems starting in 1995. It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for Windows 95 that year. Later versions were available as free downloads, or in service packs, and included in the OEM service releases of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Internet Explorer) 147 335 8.6 6 20 120 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1236-chart-wp.html massachusetts institute of technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also known as MIT, is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological education and research. Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States, the institute adopted the European polytechnic university model and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date. MIT's early emphasis on applied technology at the undergraduate and graduate levels led to close cooperation with industry. Curricular reforms under Karl Compton and Vannevar Bush in the 1930s re-emphasized basic scientific research. MIT was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1934. Researchers were involved in efforts to develop computers, radar, and inertial guidance in connection with defense research during World War II and the Cold War. In the past 60 years, MIT's educational disciplines have expanded beyond the physical sciences and engineering into fields such as biology, economics, linguistics, political science, and management. MIT received 17,909 applicants for the class of 2015, with only 1,742 offered admittance, an acceptance rate of 9.7%. It employs around 1,000 faculty members. 77 Nobel laureates, 52 National Medal of Science recipients, 45 Rhodes Scholars, and 38 MacArthur Fellows are currently or have previously been affiliated with the university. MIT has a strong entrepreneurial culture. The aggregated revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni would rank as the eleventh-largest economy in the world. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 58 101 3.4 10.9 11 119.90 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15981-chart-wp.html creative commons Creative Commons (CC) is a non-profit organization headquartered in San Francisco, California, United States devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. The organization has released several copyright-licenses known as Creative Commons licenses free of charge to the public. These licenses allow creators to communicate which rights they reserve, and which rights they waive for the benefit of recipients or other creators. An easy to understand one-page explanation of rights, with associated visual symbols, explains the specifics of each Creative Commons license. This simplicity distinguishes Creative Commons from an all-rights reserved copyright. Creative Commons was invented to create a more flexible copyright model, replacing "all rights reserved" with "some rights reserved". Wikipedia is one of the notable web-based projects using one of its licenses. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Creative Commons) 54 190 3.2 7.9 15 118.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/97-chart-wp.html taxonomy Taxonomy (from Ancient Greek: taxis "arrangement" and Ancient Greek: nomia "method") is the practice and science of classification or the result of it. Taxonomy uses taxonomic units, known as taxa (singular taxon). A resulting taxonomy, a taxonomy, or taxonomic scheme, is a particular classification ("the taxonomy of ..."), arranged in a hierarchical structure or classification scheme. Typically this is organized by supertype-subtype relationships, also called generalization-specialization relationships, or less formally, parent-child relationships, typically indicated by the phrase 'is a kind of' or 'is a subtype of'. In such an inheritance relationship, the subtype by definition has the same properties, behaviours, and constraints as the supertype plus one or more additional properties, behaviours, or constraints. For example: a bicycle is a kind of vehicle, so any bicycle is also a vehicle, but not every vehicle is a bicycle. Therefore a subtype needs to satisfy more constraints than its supertype. Thus to be a bicycle is more constraint than to be a vehicle. If other kinds of relationships between concepts are also included, a taxonomy is extended into an ontology. Thus various ontologies also include a taxonomy. This holds especially for the upper level ontologies (arrangements of generic concepts). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Taxonomy) 42 104 2.5 10.6 11 116.59 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15552-chart-wp.html hashtag Short messages on services such as Twitter, FriendFeed or identi.ca may be tagged by including one or more hashtags: words or phrases prefixed with a hash symbol (#), with multiple words concatenated, such as those in: #RealAle is my favorite kind of #beer Then, a person can search for the string #RealAle and this tagged word will appear in the search engine results. These hashtags also show up in a number of trending topics websites, including Twitter's own front page. Such tags are case-insensitive, with CamelCase often used for readability. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Hashtag) 10 14 0.6 28.6 4 114.40 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10455-chart-wp.html bbc The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the principal public service broadcaster in the United Kingdom, with its headquarters at Broadcasting House in the City of Westminster, London. It is the largest broadcaster in the world, with about 23,000 staff. Its main responsibility is to provide public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and Isle of Man. The BBC is an autonomous public service broadcaster that operates under a Royal Charter. Within the United Kingdom its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee, which is charged to all United Kingdom households, companies and organisations using any type of equipment to record and/or receive live television broadcasts; the level of the fee is set annually by the British Government and agreed by Parliament. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: BBC) 133 392 7.8 5.4 21 113.40 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1227-chart-wp.html linden lab Linden Research, Inc., d/b/a Linden Lab, is a privately held American Internet company that is best known as the creator of Second Life. The company's head office is in San Francisco, with additional offices in Boston, Seattle, Reston, Virginia and Davis, California. Its offices in Mountain View, Brighton, Singapore and Amsterdam were closed in 2010. In addition, the company employs remote workers that communicate and collaborate on projects using Second Life technology. The company, founded in 1999, employs numerous established high-tech veterans, including former executives from Electronic Arts, eBay, Disney, Adobe, and Apple. The company's founder and original CEO is Philip Rosedale, a former CTO of Real Networks. Although Linden Lab's Second Life platform was not the first online virtual world entry, it has gained a large amount of attention due to its expanding user base and unique policy that allows participants to own the intellectual property rights to the inworld content that they create. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Linden Lab) 4 8 0.2 37.5 3 112.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16004-chart-wp.html mysql MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases. It is named after developer Michael Widenius' daughter, My. The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language. The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Oracle Corporation. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: MySQL) 37 57 2.2 14 8 112 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3296-chart-wp.html amazon Amazon.com, Inc. (NASDAQ: AMZN) is a US-based multinational electronic commerce company. Headquartered in Seattle, Washington, it is the largest online retailer in the United States, with nearly three times the Internet sales revenue of the runner up, Staples, Inc., as of January 2010. Jeff Bezos founded Amazon.com, Inc. in 1994 and the site went online in 1995.... Amazon.com started as an online bookstore, but soon diversified, selling DVDs, CDs, MP3 downloads, computer software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food, and toys. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Amazon) 97 233 5.7 6.9 16 110.40 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3157-chart-wp.html sword protocol SWORD (Simple Web-service Offering Repository Deposit) is an interoperability standard that allows digital repositories to accept the deposit of content from multiple sources in different formats (such as XML documents) via a standardized protocol. In the same way that the HTTP protocol allows any web browser to talk to any web server, so SWORD allows clients to talk to repository servers. SWORD is a profile (specialism) of the Atom Publishing Protocol), but restricts itself solely to the scope of depositing resources into scholarly systems. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Sword protocol) 25 138 1.5 8.7 12 104.40 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13597-chart-wp.html opera Opera is a web browser and Internet suite developed by Opera Software. The browser handles common Internet-related tasks such as displaying web sites, sending and receiving e-mail messages, managing contacts, chatting on IRC, downloading files via BitTorrent, and reading web feeds. Opera is offered free of charge for personal computers and mobile phones. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Opera web browser) 13 24 0.8 20.8 5 104 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1334-chart-wp.html algorithm In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is an effective method expressed as a finite list of well-defined instructions for calculating a function. Algorithms are used for calculation, data processing, and automated reasoning. In simple words an algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for calculations. Starting from an initial state and initial input (perhaps empty), the instructions describe a computation that, when executed, will proceed through a finite number of well-defined successive states, eventually producing "output" and terminating at a final ending state. The transition from one state to the next is not necessarily deterministic; some algorithms, known as randomized algorithms, incorporate random input. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Algotithm) 91 165 5.3 7.9 13 102.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15219-chart-wp.html north lincolnshire library North Lincolnshire Council's libraries and information service offers an extensive range of services to the local community. It operates one central library, 14 branch libraries and a mobile library service. Library users can select from a wide variety of books and other materials. (Excerpt from this source) 1 1 0.1 100 1 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15963-chart-wp.html british antarctic survey The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is the United Kingdom's national Antarctic operation and has an active role in Antarctic affairs. BAS is part of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and has over 400 staff. It operates five research stations, two ships and five aircraft in and around Antarctica. BAS addresses key global and regional issues. This involves joint research projects with over 40 UK universities and more than 120 national and international collaborations. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: British Antarctic Survey) 2 4 0.1 50 2 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15920-chart-wp.html library catalogs A library catalog (or library catalogue) is a register of all bibliographic items found in a library or group of libraries, such as a network of libraries at several locations. A bibliographic item can be any information entity (e.g., books, computer files, graphics, realia, cartographic materials, etc.) that is considered library material (e.g., a single novel in an anthology), or a group of library materials (e.g., a trilogy), or linked from the catalog (e.g., a webpage) as far as it is relevant to the catalog and to the users (patrons) of the library. The card catalog was a familiar sight to library users for generations, but it has been effectively replaced by the online public access catalog (OPAC). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Library catalog) 3 4 0.2 50 2 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1826-chart-wp.html junaio junaio is an augmented reality platform designed for 3G and 4G mobile devices. It was developed by Munich-based company metaio GmbH . It provides an API for developers and content providers to generate mobile augmented reality experiences for end-users. Currently, it is available for iPhone and Android platforms. junaio is the first augmented reality browser that has overcome the accuracy limitations of GPS navigation through LLA Markers (latitude, longitude, altitude marker, patent pending). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Junaio) 2 4 0.1 50 2 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11278-chart-wp.html datagovuk data.gov.uk is a UK Government project to open up almost all non-personal data acquired for official purposes for free re-use. Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are the two key figures behind the project. The beta version of data.gov.uk has been online since the 30 September 2009 and by January 2010 more than 2,400 developers had registered to test the site, provide feedback and start experimenting with the data. When the project was officially launched in January 2010 it contained 2,500 data sets and developers had already built a site that showed the location of schools according to the rating assigned to them by education watchdog Ofsted. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Data.gov.uk) 2 4 0.1 50 2 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12227-chart-wp.html york university The University of York (informally York University, or simply York, occasionally abbreviated as Ebor. for post-nominals), is an academic institution located in the city of York, England. Established in 1963, the campus university has expanded to more than thirty departments and centres, covering a wide range of subjects. In 2003 it attracted the highest research income per capita of any UK university . The university has built a reputation in less than half a century that places it among the top 20 universities in Europe, and the top 90 universities in the world, according to the 2010 QS World University Rankings. In the last Research Assessment Exercise in 2008, York was also named as the 8th best research institution in the United Kingdom. The university was named Sunday Times university of the year in 2003 and Times Higher Education university of the year in 2010. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of York) 4 4 0.2 50 2 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13322-chart-wp.html falmouth university Falmouth University is a multi-arts university based in Falmouth and Penryn, Cornwall, England. Founded in 1902, it had previously been the Falmouth School of Art, Falmouth College of Art and Design and then Falmouth College of Arts until it received taught degree-awarding powers (and the right to use the title "University College") in March 2005. In April 2008, University College Falmouth merged with Dartington College of Arts, adding a range of Performance courses to its portfolio. This merger had been the subject of dispute by some supporters of Dartington. On 27 November 2012, a communication was released to the staff and students and local press that 'University College Falmouth is to be granted full university status in a move that will further its ambition to become one of the top five arts universities in the world.' On 9 December 2012, the University College was officially granted full university status by the Privy Council. The university is located in Penryn and Falmouth. Tremough Campus, in Penryn, is the larger of its two campuses, which it shares in a unique partnership with the University of Exeter. The Woodlane Campus is in Falmouth town centre and provides a historic contrast to the modernity of Tremough. The University is a partner in the Combined Universities in Cornwall initiative. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University College Falmouth) 1 1 0.1 100 1 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16155-chart-wp.html minnesota state colleges and universities The Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System (commonly abbreviated as "MnSCU") comprises 31 colleges and universities, including 24 two-year colleges and seven state universities. Its headquarters are in Suite 350 of the Wells Fargo Place in St. Paul. The system is separate from the University of Minnesota system. he Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system of distinct and collaborative institutions offers higher education that meets the personal and career goals of a wide range of individual learners, enhances the quality of life for all Minnesotans and sustains vibrant economies throughout the state. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System) 1 1 0.1 100 1 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15973-chart-wp.html eifl-plip EIFL-PLIP works with public libraries uniquely positioned to meet community development needs and improve lives in crucial areas like agriculture, health, employment and livelihoods and support vulnerable children and youth. EIFL-PLIP actions include: sparking ideas for using technology to improve lives; providing resources to support innovative ideas; promoting ideas that work; encouraging replication. (Excerpt from this source) 1 1 0.1 100 1 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16018-chart-wp.html university of the highlands and islands The University of the Highlands and Islands is a federation of 13 colleges and research institutions in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland delivering higher education. Its executive office is in Inverness. UHI has a number of undergraduate, postgraduate and research programmes, most of which can be studied at a range of locations across the area. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of the Highlands and Islands) 3 4 0.2 50 2 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16048-chart-wp.html sqlite SQLite is an ACID-compliant embedded relational database management system contained in a relatively small (~275 kB) C programming library. The source code for SQLite is in the public domain and implements most of the SQL standard. In contrast to other databases, SQLite is not a separate process that is accessed from the client application, but an integral part of it. SQLite uses a dynamically and weakly typed SQL syntax that does not guarantee the domain integrity. SQLite is a multitasking database concerning reads. Writes can be done only one-at-a-time. It is a popular choice for local/client storage on web browsers. It has many bindings to programming languages. It is arguably the most widely used database engine, as it is used today by several widespread browsers, operating systems, embedded systems among others. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SQLite) 1 1 0.1 100 1 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16051-chart-wp.html nesta The National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts (NESTA) is an independent endowment in the United Kingdom established by an Act of Parliament in 1998. The company acts through a combination of practical programmes, early stage investment, research and policy, and the formation of partnerships to foster innovation and deliver radical new ideas. Funded by an endowment from the UK National Lottery, NESTA uses the interest from that endowment to fund and support its projects. On 14 October 2010 the Government announced that it will transfer NESTA's status from an executive non-departmental public body to a charitable body. NESTA's work to tackle social and economic issues in the UK at no cost to the taxpayer will continue. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: NESTA) 3 4 0.2 50 2 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16056-chart-wp.html webtrends Webtrends is a private company headquartered in Portland, Oregon, United States. It provides web, social, and mobile analytics and other software solutions related to marketing intelligence. The company was founded in 1993 and now serves more than 10,000 large and small firms. Webtrends offers a variety of Web analytics products, services, and solutions which focus on the collection and presentation of user behavior data for websites and mobile device applications. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Webtrends) 1 1 0.1 100 1 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16064-chart-wp.html google refine Google Refine is a standalone desktop application provided by Google for data cleanup and transformation to other formats. It has now been renamed to OpenRefine and is hosted as an opensource project on Github. It is similar to spreadsheet applications (and can work with spreadsheet file formats), however acts more like database. It operates on rows of data which have cells under columns, which is very similar to relational database tables. One Refine project is one table. User can filter rows to display using facets that define filtering criteria (for example, showing rows where given column is not empty). Unlike spreadsheets, most operations in Refine are done on all visible rows: transformation of all cells in all rows under one column, creation of new column based on existing column data, etc. All actions that were done on dataset are stored in project and can be replayed on another dataset. Unlike spreadsheets, no formulas are stored in cells, but formulas are used to transform data, and transformation is done only once. Transformation expressions are written in proprietary GREL language. Also Jython can be used to write expressions. The program has a web user interface, however it is not hosted by the software developer (SAAS), but is available for download and use on local machine. When starting Refine, it starts a web server and starts browser to open web UI powered by this webserver. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Google Refine) 1 1 0.1 100 1 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16065-chart-wp.html datum for health Datum for Health promotes research data management skills in Higher Education Institutions through training focusing on (a) qualitative, unstructured data, (b) the health studies discipline and (c) postgraduate research students over seven phases. 1. a targeted literature review; 2. design of the training 'programme'; 3. development of the training 'programme'; 4. pilot and evaluate the training with the participating PGR students in health studies; 5. refine the training 'programme' and publish it on the Web 6. embedding the training 'programme' into a wider programme for postgraduate researchers 7. make recommendations (internal/external) for research data management training and associated infrastructure requirements. Project start date: 2010-10-01. Project end date: 2011-07-31. (Excerpt from this source) 1 1 0.1 100 1 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16102-chart-wp.html university of cyprus The University of Cyprus (UCY) is a public coeducational university established by the Republic of Cyprus in 1989. It admitted its first students in 1992 and has currently approximately 6000 students (2010/2011). It was the first university to be established in Cyprus. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Cyprus) 1 1 0.1 100 1 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16120-chart-wp.html xmpp Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is an open-standard communications protocol for message-oriented middleware based on XML (Extensible Markup Language). The protocol was originally named Jabber, and was developed by the Jabber open-source community in 1999 for, originally, near-real-time, extensible instant messaging (IM), presence information, and contact list maintenance. Designed to be extensible, the protocol today also finds application in VoIP and file transfer signaling. Unlike most instant messaging protocols, XMPP uses an open systems approach of development and application, by which anyone may implement an XMPP service and interoperate with other organizations' implementations. The software implementation and many client applications are distributed as free and open source software. XMPP-based software is deployed widely across the Internet and by 2003 was used by over ten million people worldwide, according to the XMPP Standards Foundation. Apache Wave's federation protocol is an extension to the XMPP protocol. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: XMPP) 1 1 0.1 100 1 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16124-chart-wp.html institutional repository An Institutional Repository is an online locus for collecting, preserving, and disseminating - in digital form - the intellectual output of an institution, particularly a research institution. For a university, this would include materials such as research journal articles, before (preprints) and after (postprints) undergoing peer review, and digital versions of theses and dissertations, but it might also include other digital assets generated by normal academic life, such as administrative documents, course notes, or learning objects. The four main objectives for having an institutional repository are: 1) to provide open access to institutional research output by self-archiving it; 2) to create global visibility for an institution's scholarly research; 3) to collect content in a single location; 4) to store and preserve other institutional digital assets, including unpublished or otherwise easily lost ("grey") literature (e.g., theses or technical reports). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Institutional repository) 104 268 6.1 6 16 96 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4882-chart-wp.html glasgow caledonian university Glasgow Caledonian University is a public university in Glasgow, Scotland. The university was constituted by an Act of Parliament on 1 April 1993 as a result of a merger between Glasgow Polytechnic and The Queen's College, Glasgow. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Glasgow Caledonian University) 17 26 1 19.2 5 96 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12279-chart-wp.html authentication Authentication is the act of confirming the truth of an attribute of a datum or entity. This might involve confirming the identity of a person, tracing the origins of an artifact, ensuring that a product is what its packaging and labeling claims to be, or assuring that a computer program is a trusted one. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Authentication) 173 417 10.1 4.8 20 96 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13691-chart-wp.html digital repositories A repository in publishing, and especially in academic publishing, is a real or virtual facility for the deposit of academic publications, such as academic journal articles. Deposit of material in such a site may be mandatory for a certain group, such as a particular university's doctoral graduates in a thesis repository, or published papers from those holding grants from a particular government agency in a subject repository, or, sometimes, in their own institutional repository. Or it may be voluntary, as usually the case for technical reports at a university. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Repository) 119 341 7 5.3 18 95.400 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2050-chart-wp.html library of congress The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in three buildings in Washington, D.C., it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and number of books. The head of the Library is the Librarian of Congress, currently James H. Billington. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Library of Congress) 98 178 5.7 7.3 13 94.900 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1387-chart-wp.html europeana Europeana.eu is an internet portal that gives access to millions of books, paintings, films, museum objects and archival records that have been digitised throughout Europe. Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci, Girl with a Pearl Earring by Johannes Vermeer, the works of Charles Darwin and Isaac Newton and the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart are some of the highlights on Europeana. Around 1500 institutions across Europe have contributed to Europeana. These range from major international names like the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, the British Library and the Louvre to regional archives and local museums from every member of the EU. Together, their assembled collections let users explore Europe's cultural and scientific heritage from prehistory to the modern day. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Europeana) 20 179 1.2 7.3 13 94.900 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9309-chart-wp.html library management systems An integrated library system (ILS), also known as a library management system (LMS), is an enterprise resource planning system for a library, used to track items owned, orders made, bills paid, and patrons who have borrowed. An ILS usually comprises a relational database, software to interact with that database, and two graphical user interfaces (one for patrons, one for staff). Most ILSes separate software functions into discrete programs called modules, each of them integrated with a unified interface. Examples of modules might include: acquisitions (ordering, receiving, and invoicing materials); cataloging (classifying and indexing materials); circulation (lending materials to patrons and receiving them back); serials (tracking magazine and newspaper holdings); the OPAC (public interface for users). Each patron and item has a unique ID in the database that allows the ILS to track its activity. Larger libraries use an ILS to order and acquire, receive and invoice, catalog, circulate, track and shelve materials. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Library management system) 70 223 4.1 6.3 14 88.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2154-chart-wp.html bibliographic data A bibliographic database is a database of bibliographic records, an organized digital collection of references to published literature, including journal and newspaper articles, conference proceedings, reports, government and legal publications, patents, books, etc. In contrast to library catalogue entries, a large proportion of the bibliographic records in bibliographic databases describe analytics (articles, conference papers, etc.) rather than complete monographs, and they generally contain very rich subject descriptions in the form of keywords, subject classification terms, or abstracts. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Bibliographic data) 341 713 20 3.5 25 87.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1175-chart-wp.html university of virginia The University of Virginia (often abbreviated as UVA or Virginia) is a public research university located in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States. Established in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson, it is the only university in the United States to be designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, an honor it shares with nearby Monticello. UVA is one of the eight original Public Ivies. The 2012 edition of U.S. News & World Report ranks the University of Virginia as the 2nd best public university in the United States, and the overall 25th best university in the nation. The University is notable for having highly ranked programs in English and American Literature, creative writing, undergraduate business, graduate business, nursing, law, and medicine. The University is also recognized as one of the top producers of Fortune 500 CEOs (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Virginia) 19 29 1.1 17.2 5 86 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15964-chart-wp.html further education Further education (often abbreviated "FE", called continuing education in U.S. English) is a term mainly used in connection with education in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. It is post-compulsory education (in addition to that received at secondary school), that is distinct from the education offered in universities (higher education). It may be at any level above compulsory education, from basic training to Higher National Diploma or Foundation Degree. A distinction is usually made between FE and higher education ("HE") which is education at a higher level than secondary school, usually provided in distinct institutions such as universities. FE in the United Kingdom therefore includes education for people over 16, usually excluding universities. It is primarily taught in FE colleges (which are similar in concept to United States community colleges, and sometimes use "community college" in their title), work-based learning, and adult and community learning institutions. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Further education) 155 265 9.1 5.7 15 85.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15825-chart-wp.html smartphone A smartphone is a mobile phone that offers more advanced computing ability and connectivity than a contemporary feature phone. Smartphones and feature phones may be thought of as handheld computers integrated with a mobile telephone, but while most feature phones are able to run applications based on platforms such as Java ME, a smartphone allows the user to run and preemptively multitask applications that are native to the underlying hardware. Smartphones run complete operating system software providing a platform for application developers. Thus, they combine the functions of a camera phone and a personal digital assistant (PDA). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Smartphone) 10 19 0.6 21.1 4 84.400 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/154-chart-wp.html datashare DataShare, led by Edina, arises from an existing UK consortium of data support professionals working in departments and academic libraries in universities (Data Information Specialists Committee-UK), and builds on an international network with a tradition of data sharing and data archiving dating back to the 1960s in the social sciences. By working together across four universities and internally with colleagues already engaged in managing open access repositories for e-prints, this partnership will introduce and test a new model of data sharing and archiving to UK research institutions. By supporting academics within the four partner institutions who wish to share datasets on which written research outputs are based, this network of institution-based data repositories develops a niche model for deposit of 'orphaned datasets' currently filled neither by centralised subject-domain data archives/centres/grids nor by e-print based institutional repositories (IRs). The project's overall aim is to contribute to new models, workflows and tools for academic data sharing within a complex and dynamic information environment which includes increased emphasis on stewardship of institutional knowledge assets of all types; new technologies for doing e-Research; new research council policies and mandates; and the growth of the Open Access / Open Data movement. Project start date: 2007-03-01. Project end date: 2009-03-31. (Excerpt from this source) 8 19 0.5 21.1 4 84.400 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13600-chart-wp.html opendoar OpenDOAR is an authoritative directory of academic open access repositories. Each OpenDOAR repository has been visited by project staff to check the information that is recorded here. This in-depth approach does not rely on automated analysis and gives a quality-controlled list of repositories. As well as providing a simple repository list, OpenDOAR lets you search for repositories or search repository contents. Additionally, we provide tools and support to both repository administrators and service providers in sharing best practice and improving the quality of the repository infrastructure. (Excerpt from this source) 19 43 1.1 14 6 84 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13557-chart-wp.html clif The Content Lifecycle Integration Framework (CLIF) project will examine the management of the lifecycle of digital content from creation through to disposal or preservation across system boundaries. It will carry out this examination through the integration of the Fedora digital repository system with two other systems used within the HE sector in the UK and abroad, Microsoft Office Sharepoint Server (MOSS) and Sakai, to enable the movement of content between them at specific points in its lifecycle, in accordance with identified use case requirements: a preliminary investigation of integration between MOSS and Sakai will also be undertaken. All three systems are used to manage digital content, and each addresses different overlapping parts of the content lifecycle. Integration will use a loosely coupled, open standards-based approach to maximise re-use outside the project. CLIF will include a research strand, investigating the content lifecycle and how systems can best support this, and a technical development strand to carry out the integration work informed by the research. Project start date: 2009-04-01. Project end date: 2010-12-01. (Excerpt from this source) 3 5 0.2 40 2 80 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13617-chart-wp.html sherpa romeo The Sherpa RoMEO site offers information about publishers' policies with respect to self-archiving pre-print and post-print research papers. The current funding stream supports the following activities: scoping and setting up a strand of work, within the proposed interim repository, to maintain and develop the Sherpa/RoMEO database; maintaining the Sherpa/RoMEO database journal-level information; developing the Sherpa/RoMEO database to indicate which journals have policies that allow authors to deposit their papers in accordance with the Wellcome Trust Grant conditions. Project start date: 2006-03-01. Project end date: 2009-12-31. (Excerpt from this source) 3 5 0.2 40 2 80 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13572-chart-wp.html long island university Long Island University (LIU) is a private, coeducational, nonsectarian institution of higher education in the U.S. state of New York. LIU was chartered in 1926 in Brooklyn by the New York State Education Department to provide 'effective and moderately priced education' to people from 'all walks of life.' (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Long Island University) 3 5 0.2 40 2 80 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15104-chart-wp.html lis research coalition The LIS Research Coalition was established in 2009 as a three-year project by its founding members. The broad mission of the LIS Research Coalition is to facilitate a co-ordinated and strategic approach to LIS research across the UK. The Coalition aims to: bring together information about LIS research opportunities and results; encourage dialogue between research funders; promote LIS practitioner research and the translation of research outcomes into practice; articulate a strategic approach to LIS research; promote the development of research capacity in LIS. (Excerpt from this source) 3 20 0.2 20 4 80 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15843-chart-wp.html data visualisation Data visualization is the study of the visual representation of data, meaning "information which has been abstracted in some schematic form, including attributes or variables for the units of information". Data visualization is closely related to Information graphics, Information visualization, Scientific visualization and Statistical graphics. In the new millennium data visualization has become active area of research, teaching and development. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Data visualization) 12 21 0.7 19 4 76 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4550-chart-wp.html university for the creative arts The University for the Creative Arts is a specialist art and design university in the south of England. The university was formed in 2005 as University College for the Creative Arts at Canterbury, Epsom, Farnham, Maidstone and Rochester, through the merger of the Kent Institute of Art & Design and Surrey Institute of Art & Design, University College. It was granted full university status by the Privy Council in May 2008 and adopted its current name officially in September 2008. The origin of the university lies in a number of independent public art and design colleges in the counties of Kent and Surrey, almost all of which had origins in the Victorian period. In the 1990s these merged to form multi-campus art and design institutes in their respective counties, before merging into one organisation in 2005. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University for the Creative Arts) 3 21 0.2 19 4 76 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13811-chart-wp.html web 2.0 The term Web 2.0 is associated with web applications that facilitate participatory information sharing, interoperability, user-centered design, and collaboration on the World Wide Web. A Web 2.0 site allows users to interact and collaborate with each other in a social media dialogue as creators (prosumers) of user-generated content in a virtual community, in contrast to websites where users (consumers) are limited to the passive viewing of content that was created for them. Examples of Web 2.0 include social networking sites, blogs, wikis, video sharing sites, hosted services, web applications, mashups and folksonomies. The term is closely associated with Tim O'Reilly because of the O'Reilly Media Web 2.0 conference in late 2004. Although the term suggests a new version of the World Wide Web, it does not refer to an update to any technical specification, but rather to cumulative changes in the ways software developers and end-users use the Web. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Web 2.0) 158 701 9.3 3.3 23 75.900 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7055-chart-wp.html xml schema An XML schema is a description of a type of XML document, typically expressed in terms of constraints on the structure and content of documents of that type, above and beyond the basic syntactical constraints imposed by XML itself. These constraints are generally expressed using some combination of grammatical rules governing the order of elements, Boolean predicates that the content must satisfy, data types governing the content of elements and attributes, and more specialized rules such as uniqueness and referential integrity constraints. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: XML Schema) 37 66 2.2 10.6 7 74.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13908-chart-wp.html internet archive The Internet Archive is a non-profit digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge." It offers permanent storage and access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, music, moving images, and books. The Internet Archive was founded by Brewster Kahle in 1996. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Internet Archive) 33 91 1.9 8.8 8 70.400 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2745-chart-wp.html eprints EPrints is a free and open source software package for building open access repositories that are compliant with the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting. It shares many of the features commonly seen in Document Management systems, but is primarily used for institutional repositories and scientific journals. EPrints has been developed at the University of Southampton School of Electronics and Computer Science and released under a GPL license. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Eprints) 105 569 6.2 3.5 20 70 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/167-chart-wp.html university of salford The University of Salford is a campus university based in Salford, Greater Manchester, England with approximately 20,000 registered students. The main campus is about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of Manchester city centre, on the A6, opposite the former home of the physicist, James Prescott Joule and the Working Class Movement Library. It is situated in 60 acres (240,000 m2) of parkland on the banks of the River Irwell. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Salford) 16 23 0.9 17.4 4 69.599 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12281-chart-wp.html adl Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) is the product of the ADL Initiative, established in 1997 to standardize and modernize training and education management and delivery. The Department of Defense (DoD) Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness (OUSD P&R) oversees the ADL Initiative. The vision of the ADL Initiative is to provide access to the highest-quality learning and performance aiding that can be tailored to individual needs and delivered cost-effectively, at the right time and in the right place. The ADL Initiative developed SCORM and the ADL Registry. ADL uses structured and collaborative methods to convene multi-national groups from industry, academia, and government who develop the learning standards, tools, and content. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Advanced Distributed Learning) 6 13 0.4 23.1 3 69.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2970-chart-wp.html google analytics Google Analytics (GA) is a free service offered by Google that generates detailed statistics about the visitors to a website. The product is aimed at marketers as opposed to webmasters and technologists from which the industry of web analytics originally grew. It is the most widely used website statistics service, currently in use at around 57% of the 10,000 most popular websites. Another market share analysis claims that Google Analytics is used at around 49.95% of the top 1,000,000 websites (as currently ranked by Alexa). GA can track visitors from all referrers, including search engines, display advertising, pay-per-click networks, e-mail marketing and digital collateral such as links within PDF documents. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Google Analytics) 10 13 0.6 23.1 3 69.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13324-chart-wp.html vads VADS (Visual Arts Data Service) is a UK organisation that provides digital images and other visual arts resources free and copyright cleared for use in UK higher education and further education. It has provided services to the academic community for 11 years, and has built up a portfolio of visual art collections comprising over 100,000 images. VADS is based at the University for the Creative Arts at Farnham. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Visual Arts Data Service) 12 52 0.7 11.5 6 69 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15962-chart-wp.html dealing with data UKOLN was asked to undertake a small-scale consultancy for JISC to investigate the relationships between data centres and institutions which may develop data repositories. The resulting direction-setting report will be used to advance the digital repository development agenda within the JISC Capital programme (2006 - 2009), to assist in the co-ordination of research data repositories and to inform an emerging Vision and Roadmap. The study includes a synthesis of some of the lessons learned from the projects within the Digital Repositories programme that were concerned with research data. Project start date: 2006-11-01. Project end date: 2007-05-31. (Excerpt from this source) 5 6 0.3 33.3 2 66.599 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13604-chart-wp.html reposit The RePosit Project seeks to increase uptake of a web-based repository deposit tool embedded in a researcher-facing publications management system. Project work will include gathering feedback from users and administrators and evaluating the tool's effectiveness; developing general strategies for increasing uptake of embedded deposit tools; compiling a community commentary on the issues surrounding research management system integration; and producing open access training materials to help institutions enlighten their users and administrators regarding how embedded deposit tools are related to the work of the library and the repository. The intention is to use the reduction in deposit barriers offered by the tool to enhance open access content, creating more full-text objects available under stable URIs. This will be used to demonstrate that repositories can play a part in the researcher's daily activities, and that a deposit mandate is viable for the partner institutions. Success is measurable by an increase in the number of open access items which is greater than the expected increase without use of the deposit tool and the advocacy throughout this project. Other outputs will take the form of documentation available freely on the web. Project start date: 2010-06-01. Project end date: 2011-02-28. (Excerpt from this source) 4 6 0.2 33.3 2 66.599 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13580-chart-wp.html hea The Higher Education Authority (HEA) is the authority in Ireland with responsibility for higher education since 1968 and placed on a statutory basis in 1971. The authority supports HEAnet, part of the GEANT network. The authority is responsible for the funding of Irish universities, institutes of technology and other third level colleges. The authority has presented many strategic reports since its foundation, a recent report was conducting into reforming medical training in Ireland; this proposed system should lead to the creation of a two route entry into medicine which will include entry via a bachelor's degree and aptitude test, in addition to the current "points race" system. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Higher Education Authority) 5 6 0.3 33.3 2 66.599 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16001-chart-wp.html warc The Web ARChive (WARC) archive format specifies a method for combining multiple digital resources into an aggregate archive file together with related information. The WARC format is a revision of the Internet Archive's ARC File Format [ARC_IA] that has traditionally been used to store "web crawls" as sequences of content blocks harvested from the World Wide Web. The WARC format generalizes the older format to better support the harvesting, access, and exchange needs of archiving organizations. Besides the primary content currently recorded, the revision accommodates related secondary content, such as assigned metadata, abbreviated duplicate detection events, and later-date transformations. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Web ARChive) 4 6 0.2 33.3 2 66.599 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16003-chart-wp.html hefce The Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) is a non-departmental public body of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (previously the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills) in the United Kingdom, which has been responsible for the distribution of funding to Universities and Colleges of Higher and Further Education in England since 1992. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: HEFCE) 47 74 2.8 9.5 7 66.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14043-chart-wp.html ibm International Business Machines (IBM) (NYSE: IBM) is an American multinational technology and consulting firm headquartered in Armonk, New York. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software, and it offers infrastructure, hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology. The company was founded in 1911 as the Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation through a merger of four companies: the Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, the Computing Scale Corporation, and the Bundy Manufacturing Company. CTR adopted the name International Business Machines in 1924, using a name previously designated to CTR's subsidiary in Canada and later South America. Its distinctive culture and product branding has given it the nickname Big Blue. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: IBM) 81 155 4.7 6.5 10 65 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1199-chart-wp.html remap project The REMAP project is investigating the use of a digital repository to support the embedding of records management and digital preservation within the context of a UK Higher Education institution. The REMAP project has the following aims: - develop Records Management and Digital Preservation (RMDP) workflow(s) in order to understand how a digital repository can support these activities; - embed digital repository interaction within working practices for RMDP purposes; - further develop the use of a WSBPEL orchestration tool to work with external Web services, including the PRONOM Web services, to provide appropriate metadata and file information for RMDP; - develop and test a notification layer that can interact with the orchestration tool and allow RSS syndication to individuals alerting them to RMDP tasks; - develop and test an intermediate persistence layer to underpin the notification layer and interact with the WSBPEL orchestration tool to allow orchestrated workflows to take place over time; - test and validate the use of the enhanced WSBPEL tool with institutional staff involved in RMDP activities These aims will feed into and help achieve the project's objectives: - raise the profile of records management and digital preservation and how it can become a part of regular working practices through interaction with a digital repository; - better understand how WSBPEL can be used in a real world scenario to support records management and digital preservation; - test and demonstrate how the Fedora digital repository system can be used to support records management and digital preservation within institutional practices . The REMAP project will build on the work of an earlier JISC-funded project at the University of Hull: RepoMMan. The RepoMMan project developed a tool that could be integrated into a user's workflow to allow easy interaction with an institutional repository. The repository is thereby available as part of the development process for materials as well as being a showcase for the finished product. Project start date: 2008-04-01. Project end date: 2009-03-31. (Excerpt from this source) 6 14 0.4 21.4 3 64.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13595-chart-wp.html university of huddersfield The University of Huddersfield is a university located in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England. It currently has over 23,000 students. The University is a founding member of the Northern Consortium and a member of the Yorkshire Universities. The Vice-Chancellor, Professor Bob Cryan, has previously sat as Chair of this regional Higher Education association. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Huddersfield) 18 39 1.1 12.8 5 64 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13725-chart-wp.html google maps Google Maps (formerly Google Local) is a web mapping service application and technology provided by Google, free (for non-commercial use), that powers many map-based services, including the Google Maps website, Google Ride Finder, Google Transit, and maps embedded on third-party websites via the Google Maps API. It offers street maps, a route planner for traveling by foot, car, or public transport and an urban business locator for numerous countries around the world. Google Maps satellite images are not in real time; they are several months or years old. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Google Maps) 21 39 1.2 12.8 5 64 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13922-chart-wp.html ojims This project is a partnership between the Royal Meteorological Society and the National Centre for Atmospheric Science. The main aim is to develop the mechanisms which could support both a new Journal of Meteorological Data and an Open-Access Repository for documents related to the meteorological sciences. The project has three fundamental aims: Creation of overlay journal mechanics; Creation of an open access subject based repository for Meteorology and atmospheric sciences; Construction and evaluate business concept models for potential overlay journals. Project start date: 2007-03-01. Project end date: 2009-03-28. (Excerpt from this source) 5 57 0.3 10.5 6 63 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13624-chart-wp.html opac An Online Public Access Catalog (often abbreviated as OPAC or simply Library Catalog) is an online database of materials held by a library or group of libraries. Users search a library catalog principally to locate books and other material physically located at a library. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: OPAC) 97 195 5.7 5.6 11 61.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1183-chart-wp.html university of kent The University of Kent, previously the University of Kent at Canterbury, (abbreviated as Cantuar. for post-nominals ) is a research intensive campus university in Kent, England established in 1965. Kent is described as a "Plate glass university" as it was founded in the 60's alongside similar universities Surrey and UEA. In the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise the University of Kent was placed 24th out of 118 participating institutions in terms of the best, or 4*, research (according to the RAE league tables in The Times Higher Education Supplement).The University of Kent is ranked amongst the top 25 institutions in the United Kingdom at 23rd place. Kent is also a member of the Santander Group of european universities encouraging social and economic development. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Kent) 21 26 1.2 15.4 4 61.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13711-chart-wp.html stm STM is the leading global trade association for academic and professional publishers. It has over 110 members in 21 countries who each year collectively publish nearly 66% of all journal articles and tens of thousands of monographs and reference works. STM members include learned societies, university presses, private companies, new starts and established players. (Excerpt from this source) 18 26 1.1 15.4 4 61.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15986-chart-wp.html flickr Flickr is an image hosting and video hosting website, web services suite, and online community created by Ludicorp and later acquired by Yahoo!. In addition to being a popular website for users to share and embed personal photographs, the service is widely used by bloggers to host images that they embed in blogs and social media. In September 2010, it reported that it was hosting more than 5 billion images. For mobile users, Flickr has an official app for iPhone, BlackBerry and for Windows Phone 7, but not for other mobile devices. Several third party apps offer alternatives such as flickr hd for the iPad. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Flickr) 64 163 3.7 6.1 10 61 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/172-chart-wp.html iwmw Institutional Web Management Workshop (IWMW) is a series of workshop events organised by UKOLN to provide professional development for web managers, policy makers, developers, designers and information professionals related to the UK's higher and further education communities. The workshops aim to provide an opportunity for discussion and debate amongst the participants. A small number of plenary talks address key areas of interest. However the main focus of the workshop centres around the parallel sessions, discussion groups and debates which enable participants to be actively engaged with the issues facing those involved in the provision of institutional Web management services. (Excerpt from this source) 21 134 1.2 6.7 9 60.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4363-chart-wp.html google books Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search and Google Print) is a service from Google that searches the full text of books that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical character recognition, and stored in its digital database. The service was formerly known as Google Print when it was introduced at the Frankfurt Book Fair in October 2004. Google's Library Project, also now known as Google Book Search, was announced in December 2004. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Google Books) 12 15 0.7 20 3 60 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12416-chart-wp.html standardisation Standardization is the process of developing and implementing technical standards. The goals of standardization can be to help with independence of single suppliers (commoditization), compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, or quality. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Standardisation) 84 137 4.9 6.6 9 59.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/126-chart-wp.html geospatial data A geographic information system (GIS), geographical information system, or geospatial information system is a system that captures, stores, analyzes, manages and presents data with reference to geographic location data. In the simplest terms, GIS is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis and database technology. GIS may be used in archaeology, geography, cartography, remote sensing, land surveying, public utility management, natural resource management, precision agriculture, photogrammetry, urban planning, emergency management, landscape architecture, navigation, aerial video and localized search engines. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Geographic information system) 60 136 3.5 6.6 9 59.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15525-chart-wp.html rfc In computer network engineering, a Request for Comments (RFC) is a memorandum published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) describing methods, behaviors, research, or innovations applicable to the working of the Internet and Internet-connected systems. Through the Internet Society, engineers and computer scientists may publish discourse in the form of an RFC, either for peer review or simply to convey new concepts, information, or (occasionally) engineering humor. The IETF adopts some of the proposals published as RFCs as Internet standards. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Request for comments) 19 61 1.1 9.8 6 58.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1240-chart-wp.html provenance Provenance, from the French provenir, "to come from", means the origin, or the source of something, or the history of the ownership or location of an object. The term was originally mostly used for works of art, but is now used in similar senses in a wide range of fields, including science and computing. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Provenance) 76 138 4.5 6.5 9 58.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1434-chart-wp.html file format A file format is a particular way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. Since a disk drive, or indeed any computer storage, can store only bits, the computer must have some way of converting information to 0s and 1s and vice-versa. There are different kinds of formats for different kinds of information. Within any format type, e.g., word processor documents, there will typically be several different formats. Sometimes these formats compete with each other. File formats are divided into proprietary and open formats. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: File format) 59 110 3.5 7.3 8 58.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1530-chart-wp.html microdata Microdata is a WHATWG HTML5 specification used to nest semantics within existing content on web pages. Search engines, web crawlers, and browsers can extract and process Microdata from a web page and use it to provide a richer browsing experience for users. Microdata use a supporting vocabulary to describe an item and name-value pairs to assign values to its properties. Microdata helps technologies such as search engines and web crawlers better understand what information is contained in a web page, providing better search results. Microdata is an attempt to provide a simpler way of annotating HTML elements with machine readable tags than the similar approaches of using RDFa and Microformats. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Microdata) 5 7 0.3 28.6 2 57.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2801-chart-wp.html course design Instructional Design (also called Instructional Systems Design (ISD)) is the practice of maximizing the effectiveness, efficiency and appeal of instruction and other learning experiences. The process consists broadly of determining the current state and needs of the learner, defining the end goal of instruction, and creating some "intervention" to assist in the transition. Ideally the process is informed by pedagogically (process of teaching) and andragogically (adult learning) tested theories of learning and may take place in student-only, teacher-led or community-based settings. The outcome of this instruction may be directly observable and scientifically measured or completely hidden and assumed. There are many instructional design models but many are based on the ADDIE model with the five phases: 1) analysis, 2) design, 3) development, 4) implementation, and 5) evaluation. As a field, instructional design is historically and traditionally rooted in cognitive and behavioral psychology. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Instructional design) 6 7 0.4 28.6 2 57.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3016-chart-wp.html cymal CyMAL: Museums Archives and Libraries Wales gives advice and financial support to local museums, archives and libraries; develops and implements policies appropriate to Wales, and provides authoritative policy advice to the Minister for Housing, Regeneration and Heritage. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: CyMAL) 2 7 0.1 28.6 2 57.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15818-chart-wp.html northumbria university Northumbria University, officially The University of Northumbria at Newcastle, is an academic institution located in Newcastle upon Tyne in the North East of England. It is a member of the University Alliance. Northumbria University has its origins in three regional colleges: Rutherford College of Technology, which was established by Dr John Hunter Rutherford in 1880 and opened formally by HRH The Duke of York in 1894, the College of Art & Industrial Design and the Municipal College of Commerce. In 1969, these three institutions were amalgamated to form Newcastle Polytechnic. The Polytechnic became the major regional centre for the training of teachers with the incorporation of the City College of Education in 1974, and the Northern Counties College of Education in 1976. In 1992, Newcastle Polytechnic was inaugurated as the new Northumbria University as part of the UK-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities. It was originally styled, and its official name still is, the University of Northumbria at Newcastle (see the Articles of Government) but the trading name was simplified to Northumbria University in 2002. In 1995, it was awarded responsibility for the education of healthcare professionals, which was transferred from the National Health Service. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Northumbria University) 6 7 0.4 28.6 2 57.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15993-chart-wp.html e-learning E-learning comprises all forms of electronically supported learning and teaching. The information and communication systems, whether networked or not, serve as specific media to implement the learning process. The term will still most likely be utilized to reference out-of-classroom and in-classroom educational experiences via technology, even as advances continue in regard to devices and curriculum. E-learning is essentially the computer and network-enabled transfer of skills and knowledge. E-learning applications and processes include Web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual classroom opportunities and digital collaboration. Content is delivered via the Internet, intranet/extranet, audio or video tape, satellite TV, and CD-ROM. It can be self-paced or instructor-led and includes media in the form of text, image, animation, streaming video and audio. Abbreviations like CBT (Computer-Based Training), IBT (Internet-Based Training) or WBT (Web-Based Training) have been used as synonyms to e-learning. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: E-learning) 196 583 11.5 3.1 18 55.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1510-chart-wp.html multimedia Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. The term can be used as a noun (a medium with multiple content forms) or as an adjective describing a medium as having multiple content forms. The term is used in contrast to media which only use traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video, and interactivity content forms. Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed or accessed by information content processing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance. Multimedia (as an adjective) also describes electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine art; by including audio, for example, it has a broader scope. The term "rich media" is synonymous for interactive multimedia. Hypermedia can be considered one particular multimedia application. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Multimedia) 246 475 14.4 3.4 16 54.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1197-chart-wp.html edinburgh napier university Edinburgh Napier University is a university in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is one of Scotland's largest universities with nearly 18,000 students. Edinburgh Napier University was opened as Napier Technical College in 1964, taking its name from John Napier, the inventor of logarithms, who was born at Merchiston Castle ‐ the site of the University's Merchiston campus. In 1966, it was renamed Napier College of Science and Technology. Since 1971, it has offered degree-level education. Three years later, it merged with the Sighthill-based Edinburgh College of Commerce to form Napier College of Commerce and Technology, which became a Central Institution in 1985. The college was renamed Napier Polytechnic in 1986 and in the same year acquired the former Hydropathic hospital buildings at Craiglockhart. It gained full university status in June 1992 as Napier University. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Edinburgh Napier University) 13 17 0.8 17.6 3 52.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15979-chart-wp.html social networks A social network is a social structure made up of individuals (or organizations) called "nodes", which are tied (connected) by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as friendship, kinship, common interest, financial exchange, dislike, sexual relationships, or relationships of beliefs, knowledge or prestige. Social network analysis views social relationships in terms of network theory consisting of nodes and ties (also called edges, links, or connections). Nodes are the individual actors within the networks, and ties are the relationships between the actors. The resulting graph-based structures are often very complex. There can be many kinds of ties between the nodes. Research in a number of academic fields has shown that social networks operate on many levels, from families up to the level of nations, and play a critical role in determining the way problems are solved, organizations are run, and the degree to which individuals succeed in achieving their goals. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Social network) 46 94 2.7 7.4 7 51.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2859-chart-wp.html interoperability Interoperability is a property referring to the ability of diverse systems and organizations to work together (inter-operate). The term is often used in a technical systems engineering sense, or alternatively in a broad sense, taking into account social, political, and organizational factors that impact system to system performance.The IEEE Glossary defines interoperability as: the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Interoperability) 346 972 20.3 2.3 22 50.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13874-chart-wp.html niso The National Information Standards Organization (NISO) is a United States non-profit standards organization that develops, maintains and publishes technical standards related to publishing, bibliographic and library applications. It was founded in 1939, incorporated as a not-for-profit education association in 1983, and assumed its current name in 1984. NISO approved standards are published by ANSI. Unlike most other ANSI standards, many NISO standards are freely available from its web site. Designations (names) of NISO standards all start with "ANSI/NISO Z39." In addition to formal standards, NISO also publishes recommended practices, technical reports and other consensus documents. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: National Information Standards Organization) 45 127 2.6 6.3 8 50.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4160-chart-wp.html e-research The term e-Research (alternately spelled eResearch) refers to the use of information technology to support existing and new forms of research. E-research extends e-Science and cyberinfrastructure to other disciplines, including the humanities and social sciences. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: E-research) 53 289 3.1 4.2 12 50.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12215-chart-wp.html communications protocol A communications protocol (also known as a network protocol) is a formal description of digital message formats and the rules for exchanging those messages in or between computing systems and in telecommunications. Protocols may include signaling, authentication and error detection and correction capabilities. A protocol describes the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication and may be implemented in hardware or software, or both. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Network protocol) 2 2 0.1 50 1 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4804-chart-wp.html rich internet application A Rich Internet Application (RIA) is a Web application that has many of the characteristics of desktop applications, typically delivered either by way of a site-specific browser, via a browser plug-in, independent sandboxes, or virtual machines. Adobe Flash, Java, and Microsoft Silverlight are currently the three most common platforms, with penetration rates around 99%, 80%, and 54% respectively (as of July 2010). Although new Web standards have emerged, they still use the principles behind RIAs. Users generally need to install a software framework using the computer's operating system before launching the application, which typically downloads, updates, verifies and executes the RIA. This is the main differentiator from JavaScript-based alternatives like Ajax that use built-in browser functionality to implement comparable interfaces. While some consider such interfaces to be RIAs, some consider them competitors to RIAs and others, including Gartner, treat them as similar but separate technologies. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: RIA) 2 2 0.1 50 1 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13672-chart-wp.html myexperiment myExperiment is an open source Web 2.0 repository solution for the born-digital items arising in contemporary research practice. Carefully tailored to the needs of researchers, myExperiment makes it really easy to discover, use, store, share and curate items, to build communities and to form relationships. The myExperiment Repository Enhancement Project is building on this success to deliver an enhanced repository which is coupled seamlessly with EPrints at University of Southampton and the eScholar institutional repository at The University of Manchester (a customised version of Fedora). During the enhancement project we are evolving Packs into more sophisticated "Research Objects" which support replayable, repeatable, reproducible, reusable, repurposable and reliable research. We believe that in the future the sharing of such Research Objects will enhance and ultimately replace the sharing of academic publications in research practice. Project start date: 2009-04-01. Project end date: 2011-03-01. (Excerpt from this source) 3 8 0.2 25 2 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13619-chart-wp.html blackboard learning system The Blackboard Learning System is a virtual learning environment and course management system developed by Blackboard Inc. Features include course management, a customizable open architecture, and a scalable design that allows for integration with student information systems and authentication protocols. It may be installed on local servers or hosted by Blackboard ASP Solutions. Its main purposes are to add online elements to courses traditionally delivered face-to-face and to develop completely online courses with few or no face-to-face meetings. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Blackboard Learning System) 2 2 0.1 50 1 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14142-chart-wp.html genetic algorithm A genetic algorithm (GA) is a search heuristic that mimics the process of natural evolution. This heuristic is routinely used to generate useful solutions to optimization and search problems. Genetic algorithms belong to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA), which generate solutions to optimization problems using techniques inspired by natural evolution, such as inheritance, mutation, selection, and crossover. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Genetic algorithm) 2 2 0.1 50 1 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15216-chart-wp.html swinburne university of technology Swinburne University of Technology is an Australian public dual sector university based in Melbourne, Victoria. The institution was founded by the Honourable George Swinburne in 1908 and achieved university status in June 1992. In 2009 there were 16,030 students enrolled in Higher education and an estimated 14,748 students enrolled in TAFE, including nearly 7000 international students from over 100 different countries. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Swinburne University of Technology) 2 2 0.1 50 1 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14923-chart-wp.html royal meteorological society The Royal Meteorological Society traces its origins back to 3 April 1850 when the British Meteorological Society was formed as a society the objects of which should be the advancement and extension of meteorological science by determining the laws of climate and of meteorological phenomena in general. Along with nine others, including James Glaisher, John Drew, Edward Joseph Lowe, The Revd Joseph Bancroft Reade, and Samuel Charles Whitbread, Dr John Lee, an astronomer, of Hartwell House, near Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire founded in the library of his house the British Meteorological Society, which became the Royal Meteorological Society. It became The Meteorological Society in 1866, when it was incorporated by Royal Charter, and the Royal Meteorological Society in 1883, when Her Majesty Queen Victoria granted the privilege of adding 'Royal' to the title. Along with 74 others, the famous meteorologist Luke Howard joined the original 15 members of the Society at its first ordinary meeting on 7 May 1850. As of 2008 it has more than 3,000 members worldwide. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Royal Meteorological Society) 4 8 0.2 25 2 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15861-chart-wp.html infrastructure as a service Cloud infrastructure services, also known as "infrastructure as a service" (IaaS), deliver computer infrastructure ‐ typically a platform virtualisation environment ‐ as a service, along with raw (block) storage and networking. Rather than purchasing servers, software, data-center space or network equipment, clients instead buy those resources as a fully outsourced service. Suppliers typically bill such services on a utility computing basis; the amount of resources consumed (and therefore the cost) will typically reflect the level of activity. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Infrastructure as a service) 2 2 0.1 50 1 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15865-chart-wp.html western michigan university Western Michigan University (WMU) is a public university located in Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States. The university was established in 1903 by Dwight B. Waldo, and as of the Fall 2010 semester, its enrollment is 25,045. WMU has one of the largest aviation programs in the United States, and it is the site of the annual International Congress on Medieval Studies. The university's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Western Michigan Broncos. They compete in the Mid-American Conference for most sports. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Western Michigan University) 2 2 0.1 50 1 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15968-chart-wp.html nesstar Nesstar is a software system for data publishing and online analysis. The software consists of tools which enables data providers to disseminate their data on the Web. Nesstar handles survey data and multidimensional tables as well as text resources. Users can search, browse and analyse the data online. Nesstar helps users do the following: publish your data and metadata; provide access to all your data through a single system; enable users to analyse or download data online; visualize your data with maps, graphs, tables. (Excerpt from this source) 2 2 0.1 50 1 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15988-chart-wp.html national and university library of slovenia The National and University Library (Slovene: NUK) is one of the most important national educational and cultural institutions of Slovenia. It was established in 1774 by a decree released by the Empress Maria Theresa. It is located in the centre of Ljubljana. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: National and University Library of Slovenia) 2 2 0.1 50 1 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15995-chart-wp.html kansas state university Kansas State University, commonly shortened to K-State, is an institution of higher learning located in Manhattan, Kansas, in the United States. Kansas State is the oldest public university in the state of Kansas, and saw a record high enrollment of 23,588 students for the Fall 2011 semester. A branch campus is located in Salina, Kansas, housing the College of Technology and Aviation. Another branch campus, known as the Olathe Innovation Campus, is presently under construction in Olathe, Kansas. When completed, the Olathe facility will be the academic research presence within the Kansas Bioscience Park, and will research bioenergy, animal health, plant science and food safety and security. The university is classified as a research university with high research (RU/H) by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Kansas State University) 2 2 0.1 50 1 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16007-chart-wp.html institute for dutch lexicology The Institute for Dutch Lexicology (INL) is a Dutch-Flemish research institute, striving towards a complete collection of Dutch words in their natural contexts. TASKS: 1) the collection and construction of historic and contemporary basic materials Dutch, such as corpora, dictionaries, lexica and linguistic tools; 2) the description of the vocabulary in terms of old and new, general and specific, of various linguistic features, intended for both human users and for applications in the field of language and speech technology; 3) the acquisition, technical management, content management, maintenance and access of all basic materials for the Dutch language through one central portal; 4) the development of modern tools for the collection, construction, description, linking and integration, management, maintenance, access, consultation and access of the basic materials, and the development of tools for and standards of evaluation. (Excerpt from this source) 2 2 0.1 50 1 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16010-chart-wp.html university of munich The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, commonly known as the University of Munich or LMU, is a university in Munich, Germany. A public research university, it is amongst Germany's oldest universities. The University of Munich has, particularly since the 19th century, been considered as one of Germany's as well as Europe's most prestigious universities; with 34 Nobel laureates associated with the university, it ranks 13th worldwide in terms of Nobel laureates. Among these were Wilhelm Röntgen, Max Planck, Werner Heisenberg, Otto Hahn and Thomas Mann. Pope Benedict XVI was also a student and professor at the university. The LMU has recently been conferred the title of "elite university" under the German Universities Excellence Initiative. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Munich) 2 2 0.1 50 1 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16011-chart-wp.html harvard university Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country. Harvard's history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Harvard University) 43 72 2.5 8.3 6 49.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13859-chart-wp.html php PHP is a general-purpose scripting language originally designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages. For this purpose, PHP code is embedded into the HTML source document and interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module, which generates the web page document. It also has evolved to include a command-line interface capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications. PHP can be deployed on most web servers and as a standalone interpreter, on almost every operating system and platform free of charge. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: PHP) 46 165 2.7 5.5 9 49.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2761-chart-wp.html shibboleth Shibboleth is an Internet2 Middleware Initiative project that has created an architecture and open-source implementation for federated identity-based authentication and authorization infrastructure based on Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML). Federated identity allows for information about users in one security domain to be provided to other organizations in a federation. This allows for cross-domain single sign-on and removes the need for content providers to maintain user names and passwords. Identity providers (IdPs) supply user information, while service providers (SPs) consume this information and get access to secure content. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Shibboleth) 34 245 2 4.5 11 49.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4477-chart-wp.html ajax Ajax (shorthand for asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a group of interrelated web development methods used on the client-side to create interactive web applications. With Ajax, web applications can retrieve data from the server asynchronously in the background without interfering with the display and behavior of the existing page. Data is usually retrieved using the XMLHttpRequest object. Despite the name, the use of XML is not needed, and the requests need not be asynchronous. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Ajax) 20 51 1.2 9.8 5 49 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7542-chart-wp.html portfolio An electronic portfolio, also known as an e-portfolio or digital portfolio, is a collection of electronic evidence assembled and managed by a user, usually on the Web. Such electronic evidence may include inputted text, electronic files, images, multimedia, blog entries, and hyperlinks. E-portfolios are both demonstrations of the user's abilities and platforms for self-expression, and, if they are online, they can be maintained dynamically over time. Some e-portfolio applications permit varying degrees of audience access, so the same portfolio might be used for multiple purposes. An e-portfolio can be seen as a type of learning record that provides actual evidence of achievement. Learning records are closely related to the Learning Plan, an emerging tool that is being used to manage learning by individuals, teams, communities of interest, and organizations. To the extent that a Personal Learning Environment captures and displays a learning record, it also might be understood to be an electronic portfolio. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: E-portfolio) 46 53 2.7 9.4 5 47 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/59-chart-wp.html worldcat WorldCat is a union catalog which itemizes the collections of 71,000 libraries in 112 countries which participate in the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) global cooperative. It is built and maintained collectively by the participating libraries. Created in 1971, it contains more than 150 million different records pointing to over 1.4 billion physical and digital assets in more than 470 languages. It is the world's largest bibliographic database. OCLC makes WorldCat itself available free to libraries, but the catalog is the foundation for other fee-based OCLC services (such as resource sharing and collection management). WorldCat was founded by Fred Kilgour in 1967. In 2003, OCLC began the "Open WorldCat" pilot program, making abbreviated records from a subset of WorldCat available to partner Web sites and booksellers, to increase the accessibility of its member libraries' collections. In 2006, it became possible to search WorldCat directly at its website. In 2007, WorldCat Identities began providing pages for 20 million "identities", predominantly authors and persons who are the subjects of published titles. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: WorldCat) 20 78 1.2 7.7 6 46.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4840-chart-wp.html ebook An electronic book (also e-book, ebook, digital book) is a text and image-based publication in digital form produced on, published by, and readable on computers or other digital devices. Sometimes the equivalent of a conventional printed book, e-books can also be born digital. The Oxford Dictionary of English defines the e-book as "an electronic version of a printed book," but e-books can and do exist without any printed equivalent. E-books are usually read on dedicated hardware devices known as e-Readers or e-book devices. Personal computers and some cell phones can also be used to read e-books. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: E-book) 96 795 5.6 2.4 19 45.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3210-chart-wp.html qr code A QR code (abbreviated from Quick Response code) is a type of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional code) designed to be read by smartphones. The code consists of black modules arranged in a square pattern on a white background. The information encoded may be text, a URL, or other data. Created by Toyota subsidiary Denso Wave in 1994, the QR code is one of the most popular types of two-dimensional barcodes. The QR code was designed to allow its contents to be decoded at high speed. The technology has seen frequent use in Japan and South Korea; the United Kingdom is the seventh-largest national consumer of QR codes. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: QR code) 9 20 0.5 15 3 45 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13643-chart-wp.html university of exeter The University of Exeter (usually abbreviated as Exon. for post-nominals) is a public university in South West England. Most of its work is conducted in the city of Exeter, Devon, where it is the principal higher education institution. It belongs to the 1994 Group, an association of 19 of the United Kingdom's smaller research-intensive universities. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Exeter) 16 20 0.9 15 3 45 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13729-chart-wp.html hadoop Apache Hadoop is an open source software framework that supports data-intensive distributed applications licensed under the Apache v2 license. It enables applications to work with thousands of computational independent computers and petabytes of data. Hadoop was derived from Google's MapReduce and Google File System (GFS) papers. Hadoop is a top-level Apache project being built and used by a global community of contributors, written in the Java programming language. Yahoo! has been the largest contributor to the project, and uses Hadoop extensively across its businesses. On February 19, 2008, Yahoo! Inc. launched what it claimed was the world's largest Hadoop production application. The Yahoo! Search Webmap is a Hadoop application that runs on more than 10,000 core Linux cluster and produces data that is now used in every Yahoo! Web search query. There are multiple Hadoop clusters at Yahoo!, and no HDFS filesystems or MapReduce jobs are split across multiple datacenters. Every hadoop cluster node bootstraps the Linux image, including the Hadoop distribution. Work that the clusters perform is known to include the index calculations for the Yahoo! search engine. On June 10, 2009, Yahoo! made available the source code to the version of Hadoop it runs in production. Yahoo! contributes back all work it does on Hadoop to the open-source community. The company's developers also fix bugs and provide stability improvements internally, and release this patched source code so that other users may benefit from their effort. In 2010 Facebook claimed that they had the largest Hadoop cluster in the world with 21 PB of storage. On July 27, 2011 they announced the data had grown to 30 PB. Besides Facebook and Yahoo!, many other organizations are using Hadoop to run large distributed computations. Some of the notable users include: (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Hadoop) 2 9 0.1 22.2 2 44.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16060-chart-wp.html resource management In organizational studies, resource management is the efficient and effective deployment for an organization's resources when they are needed. Such resources may include financial resources, inventory, human skills, production resources, or information technology (IT). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Resource management) 33 59 1.9 8.5 5 42.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1361-chart-wp.html python Python is an interpreted, general-purpose high-level programming language whose design philosophy emphasizes code readability. Python aims to combine "remarkable power with very clear syntax", and its standard library is large and comprehensive. Its use of indentation for block delimiters is unique among popular programming languages. Python supports multiple programming paradigms, primarily but not limited to object-oriented, imperative and, to a lesser extent, functional programming styles. It features a fully dynamic type system and automatic memory management, similar to that of Scheme, Ruby, Perl, and Tcl. Like other dynamic languages, Python is often used as a scripting language, but is also used in a wide range of non-scripting contexts. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Python) 20 38 1.2 10.5 4 42 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/175-chart-wp.html browser A web browser or Internet browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to easily navigate their browsers to related resources. Although browsers are primarily intended to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by Web servers in private networks or files in file systems. Some browsers can also be used to save information resources to file systems. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: web browser) 295 715 17.3 2.4 17 40.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/136-chart-wp.html graphics Graphics are visual presentations on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, computer screen, paper, or stone to brand, inform, illustrate, or entertain. Examples are photographs, drawings, Line Art, graphs, diagrams, typography, numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering drawings, or other images. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Graphics) 180 297 10.5 3.7 11 40.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1179-chart-wp.html portal A web portal or links page is a web site that functions as a point of access to information on the World Wide Web. A portal presents information from diverse sources in a unified way. Apart from the standard search engine feature, web portals offer other services such as e-mail, news, stock prices, information, databases and entertainment. Portals provide a way for enterprises to provide a consistent look and feel with access control and procedures for multiple applications and databases, which otherwise would have been different entities altogether. Examples of public web portals are AOL, Excite, iGoogle, MSN, Netvibes, and Yahoo! (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Portal) 224 1000 13.1 2 20 40 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/73-chart-wp.html national grid service The National Grid Service (NGS) aims to help UK academics and researchers carry out their research by providing easy to use access to computational, data and other resources. It is funded by two governmental bodies, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC), and is preparing to enter its fourth phase. The NGS provides computing and data resources that are accessed through a standard common set of services, the Minimum Software Stack. NGS services are based on the Globus Toolkit for job submission and storage resource broker (SRB) for data management. NGS resources host a large number of scientific software packages, including SIESTA and GAUSSIAN. As well as providing access to compute and data resources, the NGS also offers training (through the National e-Science Centre in Edinburgh) and Grid support to all UK academics and researchers in grid computing. With more than 500 users and twenty nine sites, the NGS is rapidly expanding, with a mission to provide coherent electronic access for UK researchers to all computational and data based resources and facilities required to carry out their research, independent of resource or researcher location. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: National Grid Service) 7 10 0.4 20 2 40 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15978-chart-wp.html bnf The Bibliotheque nationale de France (BnF) is the National Library of France, located in Paris. It is intended to be the repository of all that is published in France. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: French National Library) 11 23 0.6 13 3 39 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3915-chart-wp.html university of cambridge The University of Cambridge is a public research university in Cambridge, England. It is the second-oldest university in both England and the English-speaking world, and the seventh-oldest globally. In post-nominals the university's name is abbreviated as Cantab, a shortened form of Cantabrigiensis (an adjective derived from Cantabrigia, the Latinised form of Cambridge). The university grew out of an association of scholars in the city of Cambridge that was formed in 1209, early records suggest, by scholars leaving Oxford after a dispute with townsfolk. The two "ancient universities" have many common features and are often jointly referred to as Oxbridge. In addition to cultural and practical associations as a historic part of British society, they have a long history of rivalry with each other. Academically Cambridge ranks as one of the top universities in the world: first in the world in both the 2010 and 2011QS World University Rankings, sixth in the world in the 2010-2011 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, and fifth in the world (and first in Europe) in the 2010 Academic Ranking of World Universities. Cambridge regularly contends with Oxford for first place in UK league tables. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Cambridge) 115 207 6.7 4.3 9 38.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1582-chart-wp.html video The term video commonly refers to several storage formats for moving pictures: digital video formats, including Blu-ray Disc, DVD, QuickTime, and MPEG-4; and analog videotapes, including VHS and Betamax. Video can be recorded and transmitted in various physical media: in magnetic tape when recorded as PAL or NTSC electric signals by video cameras, or in MPEG-4 or DV digital media when recorded by digital cameras. Quality of video essentially depends on the capturing method and storage used. Digital television (DTV) is a relatively recent format with higher quality than earlier television formats and has become a standard for television video. 3D-video, digital video in three dimensions, premiered at the end of 20th century. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Video) 310 1029 18.2 1.9 20 38 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/171-chart-wp.html syndication Web syndication is a form of syndication in which website material is made available to multiple other sites. Most commonly, web syndication refers to making web feeds available from a site in order to provide other people with a summary or update of the website's recently added content (for example, the latest news or forum posts). The term can also be used to describe other kinds of licensing website content so that other websites can use it. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Web syndication) 32 43 1.9 9.3 4 37.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1482-chart-wp.html university of glasgow The University of Glasgow is the fourth-oldest university in the English-speaking world and one of Scotland's four ancient universities. Located in Glasgow, the university was founded in 1451 and is presently one of seventeen British higher education institutions ranked amongst the top 100 of the world. A major centre of the Scottish Enlightenment during the 18th century, from the 19th century it became a pioneer in British higher education by providing for the educational needs of students from the growing urban and commercial classes, as opposed to the upper class. Glasgow served these students by preparing them for professions outwith commerce - the law, medicine, teaching, and the church. It also trained smaller numbers for careers in science and engineering. More recently it was the Sunday Times "Scottish University of the Year" for 2007 and the university is currently a member of the Russell Group and of Universitas 21. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Glasgow) 75 132 4.4 5.3 7 37.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12355-chart-wp.html princeton university Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and is one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. Princeton does not have schools of medicine, law, divinity, or business, but it does offer professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and the School of Architecture. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, as the College of New Jersey, the university moved to Newark in 1747, then to Princeton in 1756 and was renamed Princeton University in 1896. Princeton has been associated with 35 Nobel Laureates, 17 National Medal of Science winners, and three National Humanities Medal winners. On a per-student basis, Princeton has the largest university endowment in the world. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Princeton University) 8 11 0.5 18.2 2 36.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14659-chart-wp.html cache In computer engineering, a cache is a component that transparently stores data so that future requests for that data can be served faster. The data that is stored within a cache might be values that have been computed earlier or duplicates of original values that are stored elsewhere. If requested data is contained in the cache (cache hit), this request can be served by simply reading the cache, which is comparatively faster. Otherwise (cache miss), the data has to be recomputed or fetched from its original storage location, which is comparatively slower. Hence, the more requests can be served from the cache the faster the overall system performance is. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Cache) 70 398 4.1 3 12 36 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1262-chart-wp.html imperial college london Imperial College London (officially The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine) is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom specialised in business, engineering, medicine and science. Formerly a constituent college of the federal University of London, Imperial became fully independent in 2007, the 100th anniversary of its founding. Imperial has around 13,500 full-time students and 3,330 academic and research staff and had a total income of £694 million in 2009/10, of which £297 million was from research grants and contracts. Imperial is a major centre for biomedical research and is a founding member of the Imperial College Healthcare academic health science centre. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Imperial College London) 50 69 2.9 7.2 5 36 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13851-chart-wp.html sql SQL often referred to as Structured Query Language, is a database computer language designed for managing data in relational database management systems (RDBMS), and originally based upon relational algebra and calculus. Its scope includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and modification, and data access control. SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. Codd's relational model, as described in his influential 1970 paper, "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". Despite not adhering to the relational model as described by Codd, it became the most widely used database language. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SQL) 32 70 1.9 7.1 5 35.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/157-chart-wp.html dublin core The Dublin Core set of metadata elements provides a small and fundamental group of text elements through which most resources can be described and catalogued. Using only 15 base text fields, a Dublin Core metadata record can describe physical resources such as books, digital materials such as video, sound, image, or text files, and composite media like web pages. Metadata records based on Dublin Core are intended to be used for cross-domain information resource description and have become standard in the fields of library science and computer science. Implementations of Dublin Core typically make use of XML and are Resource Description Framework based. Dublin Core is defined by ISO through ISO Standard 15836, and NISO Standard Z39.85-2007. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Dublin Core) 251 1392 14.7 1.6 22 35.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/112-chart-wp.html indiana university Indiana University is a multi-campus public university system in the state of Indiana, United States. Indiana University has a combined student body of more than 100,000 students, including approximately 42,000 students enrolled at the Indiana University Bloomington campus and approximately 37,000 students enrolled at the Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) campus. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Indiana University) 15 26 0.9 11.5 3 34.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12237-chart-wp.html science and technology facilities council The Science and Technology Facilities Council is a UK government body that carries out civil research in science and engineering, and funds UK research in areas including particle physics, nuclear physics, space science and astronomy (both ground-based and space-based). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Science and Technology Facilities Council) 12 26 0.7 11.5 3 34.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13984-chart-wp.html jpeg In computing, JPEG is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital photography (image). The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: JPEG) 29 47 1.7 8.5 4 34 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1207-chart-wp.html mrc This project will work with MRC recommended case studies to explore Data Management Plans in the medical context. Project start date: 2010-06-01. Project end date: 2011-04-30. (Excerpt from this source) 10 12 0.6 16.7 2 33.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13428-chart-wp.html google trends Google Trends is a public web facility of Google Inc., based on Google Search, that shows how often a particular search-term is entered relative to the total search-volume across various regions of the world, and in various languages. The horizontal axis of the main graph represents time (starting from some time in 2004), and the vertical is how often a term is searched for relative to the total number of searches, globally. Below the main graph, popularity is broken down by region, city and language. It is possible to refine the main graph by region and time period. On August 5, 2008, Google launched Google Insights for Search, a more sophisticated and advanced service displaying search trends data. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Google Trends) 2 3 0.1 33.3 1 33.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7750-chart-wp.html guid A globally unique identifier or GUID is a unique reference number used as an identifier in computer software. The term GUID also is used for Microsoft's implementation of the Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) standard. The value of a GUID is often represented as a 32-character hexadecimal string, such as {21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}, and is usually stored as a 128-bit integer. The total number of unique keys is 2128 or 3.4×1038 - roughly 2 trillion per cubic millimeter of the entire volume of the Earth. This number is so large that the probability of the same number being generated randomly twice is extremely small. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: GUID) 3 3 0.2 33.3 1 33.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11308-chart-wp.html web2rights A project looking at the IPR issues around web 2.0 tools Project start date: 2007-10-01. Project end date: 2008-07-26. (Excerpt from this source) 2 3 0.1 33.3 1 33.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13639-chart-wp.html xcri-cap XCRI-CAP (XCRI Course Advertising Profile) is a very simple web-based technical architecture. Universities, colleges and training providers each offer an XML document describing their courses. Aggregators (such as discovery and guidance services) periodically poll each provider to obtain the latest version of their course catalog using a standard request. The aggregator combines the results to create a catalog to use for searching and for adding features. (Excerpt from this source) 2 3 0.1 33.3 1 33.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13936-chart-wp.html national technical university of athens The National Technical University of Athens (National Metsovian Polytechnic), sometimes known as Athens Polytechnic, is among the oldest and most prestigious higher education institutions of Greece. It is named Metsovion in honor of its benefactors Nikolaos Stournaris, Eleni Tositsa, Michail Tositsas and Georgios Averoff, whose origin is from the town of Metsovo in Epirus. It was founded in 1837 as a part-time vocational school named Royal School of Arts which, as its role in the technical development of the fledgling state grew, developed into Greece's sole institution providing engineering degrees up until the 1950s, when polytechnics were established outside Athens. Its traditional campus, located in the center of the city of Athens on Patision Avenue, features a suite of magnificent neo-classical buildings by architect Lysandros Kaftantzoglou (1811 ‐ 1885). A suburban campus, the Zografou Campus, was built in the 1980s. NTUA is divided into nine academic Schools, eight being for the engineering disciplines, including architecture, and one for applied sciences (mathematics and physics). Undergraduate studies have a duration of 5 years. The university comprises about 700 of academic staff, 140 scientific assistants and 260 administrative and technical staff. It has, also, a total number of 8,500 undergraduates and about 1,500 postgraduate students. Eight of the NTUA's Schools are housed at the Zografou Campus, while the School of Architecture is based at the Patision Complex. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: National Technical University of Athens) 2 3 0.1 33.3 1 33.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15852-chart-wp.html content conversion specialists For over 35 years CCS has been developing integrated software and service solutions for large digitization projects (docWorks) and also uses this knowledge in the field of digital press clipping and digital press review (newsworks). Our customers of docWorks include amongst others the British Library, the Library of Congress, the National Libraries of Norway, Finland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Austria, Australia, Singapore and Denmark as well as the University libraries of Harvard, Stanford and Princeton. Clients of newsWorks are large international companies, public relations and market research agencies as well as most federal German ministries. (Excerpt from this source) 2 3 0.1 33.3 1 33.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16009-chart-wp.html tagging In online computer systems terminology, a tag is a non-hierarchical keyword or term assigned to a piece of information (such as an Internet bookmark, digital image, or computer file). This kind of metadata helps describe an item and allows it to be found again by browsing or searching. Tags are generally chosen informally and personally by the item's creator or by its viewer, depending on the system. Tagging was popularized by websites associated with Web 2.0 and is an important feature of many Web 2.0 services. It is now also part of some desktop software. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Tagging) 101 301 5.9 3.3 10 33 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/131-chart-wp.html url In computing, a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that specifies where an identified resource is available and the mechanism for retrieving it. In popular usage and in many technical documents and verbal discussions it is often incorrectly used as a synonym for URI. The best-known example of the use of URLs is for the addresses of web pages on the World Wide Web, such as http://www.example.com/. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Uniform Resource Locator) 629 1913 36.8 1.3 25 32.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15264-chart-wp.html javascript JavaScript, also known as ECMAScript, is a prototype-based, object-oriented scripting language that is dynamic, weakly typed and has first-class functions. It is also considered a functional programming language like Scheme and OCaml because it has closures and supports higher-order functions. JavaScript is an implementation of the ECMAScript language standard and is primarily used in the form of client-side JavaScript, implemented as part of a web browser in order to provide enhanced user interfaces and dynamic websites. This enables programmatic access to computational objects within a host environment. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: JavaScript) 86 199 5 4 8 32 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/43-chart-wp.html rdf The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a family of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specifications originally designed as a metadata data model. It has come to be used as a general method for conceptual description or modeling of information that is implemented in web resources, using a variety of syntax formats. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: RDF) 111 455 6.5 2.6 12 31.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/32-chart-wp.html html HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags, enclosed in angle brackets. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: HTML) 343 1595 20.1 1.4 22 30.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/49-chart-wp.html csv The comma-separated values file format is a set of file formats used to store tabular data in which numbers and text are stored in plain textual form that can be read in a text editor. Lines in the text file represent rows of a table, and commas in a line separate what are fields in the tables row. Different implementations of CSV arise as the format is modified to handle richer table content such as allowing a different field separator character (necessary if numeric fields are written with a comma instead of a decimal point) or extensions to allow numbers, the separator character, or newline characters in text fields. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Comma-separated values) 11 13 0.6 15.4 2 30.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4007-chart-wp.html adobe Adobe Acrobat is a family of application software developed by Adobe Systems to view, create, manipulate, print and manage files in Portable Document Format (PDF). All members of the family, except Adobe Reader (formerly Acrobat Reader), are commercial software; Adobe Reader however, is available as freeware and can be downloaded from Adobe's web site. Adobe Reader enables users to view and print PDF files but has negligible PDF creation capabilities. Acrobat and Reader are widely used as a way to present information with a fixed layout similar to a paper publication. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Adobe Acrobat) 72 161 4.2 4.3 7 30.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1485-chart-wp.html stanford university The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university on an 8,180-acre (3,310 ha) campus located near Palo Alto, California. It is situated in the northwestern Santa Clara Valley on the San Francisco Peninsula, approximately 20 miles (32 km) northwest of San Jose and 37 miles (60 km) southeast of San Francisco. Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would become known as Silicon Valley. By 1970, Stanford was home to a linear accelerator, was one of the original four ARPANET nodes, and had transformed itself into a major research university in computer science, mathematics, natural sciences, and social sciences. More than 50 Stanford faculty, staff, and alumni have won the Nobel Prize and Stanford has the largest number of Turing award winners for a single institution. Stanford faculty and alumni have founded many prominent technology companies including Cisco Systems, Google, Hewlett-Packard, LinkedIn, Netscape Communications, Rambus, Silicon Graphics, Sun Microsystems, Varian Associates, and Yahoo!. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Stanford University) 22 30 1.3 10 3 30 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13746-chart-wp.html cornell university Cornell University (pronounced /kÉ”rˈnÉ›l/ kor-nel) is an Ivy League university located in Ithaca, New York, United States. It is a private land-grant university, receiving annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge ‐ from the classics to the sciences and from the theoretical to the applied. These ideals, unconventional for the time, are captured in Cornell's motto, an 1865 Ezra Cornell quotation: "I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study." Since its founding, Cornell has also been a co-educational, non-sectarian institution where admission is offered irrespective of religion or race. Cornell counts more than 255,000 living alumni, 31 Marshall Scholars, 28 Rhodes Scholars and 41 Nobel laureates as affiliated with the university. The student body consists of over 13,000 undergraduate and 6,000 graduate students from all 50 states and 122 countries. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Cornell University) 44 84 2.6 6 5 30 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13858-chart-wp.html intellectual property Intellectual property (IP) is a term referring to a number of distinct types of creations of the mind for which a set of exclusive rights are recognized - and the corresponding fields of law. Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs. Common types of intellectual property include copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights and trade secrets in some jurisdictions. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Intellectual property) 158 217 9.3 3.7 8 29.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/58-chart-wp.html university of queensland The University of Queensland, also known as UQ, is a public university located in Brisbane, Australia. Founded in 1909, it is the oldest university in Queensland and the fifth in the nation. The main campus is located in St Lucia, southwest of the Brisbane CBD. UQ is a member of the Australia's Group of Eight lobby group, and the Universitas 21, an international network of research-intensive universities, and is colloquially known as a "sandstone university". UQ is ranked among the top universities, both in Australia and the world. In 2009, the Australian Cancer Research Foundation reported that UQ have taken the lead in numerous areas of cancer research, having awarded almost $10 million in grants over a three year period. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Queensland) 15 31 0.9 9.7 3 29.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14090-chart-wp.html jorum Jorum is a JISC-funded Service in Development in UK Further and Higher Education, to collect and share learning and teaching materials, allowing their reuse and repurposing. This free online repository service forms a key part of the JISC Information Environment, and is intended to become part of the wider landscape of repositories being developed institutionally, locally, regionally or across subject areas. We use a modified version of DSpace for Jorum. Jorum is run by Mimas, based at the University of Manchester. The word 'Jorum' is of Biblical origin and means a collecting (or drinking) bowl. (Excerpt from this source) 28 86 1.6 5.8 5 29 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13700-chart-wp.html prism Talis Prism provides an interface that helps your users to find both the physical and virtual stock in the library. Talis Prism delivers searching with powerful retrieval methods to ensure quick access to the material. As the interface is based on web standards, the interface can be customised to meet corporate requirements. (Excerpt from this source) 5 14 0.3 14.3 2 28.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3787-chart-wp.html jisc digital media JISC Digital Media exists to help the UK's Further Education and Higher Education communities embrace and maximise the use of digital media - and to achieve solutions that are innovative, practical, and cost effective. (Excerpt from this source) 8 14 0.5 14.3 2 28.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12447-chart-wp.html royal college of art The Royal College of Art (informally the RCA) is a public research university specialising in art and design located in London, United Kingdom. The college offers the degrees of Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). It was founded in 1837 and has had university status since 1967. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Royal College of Art) 12 14 0.7 14.3 2 28.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13778-chart-wp.html university of southampton The University of Southampton is a "red-brick" British public university located in the city of Southampton, England. The origins of the university can be dated back to the founding of the Hartley Institution in 1862 by Henry Robertson Hartley. In 1902 the Institution developed into the Hartley University College, with degrees awarded by the University of London. On 29 April 1952, HM Queen Elizabeth II, granted a Royal Charter to give the University of Southampton full university status. This was the first Royal Charter granted by HM Queen Elizabeth II on her accession to the throne. The university is a member of the Russell Group of research universities and the Worldwide Universities Network. It currently has over 17,000 undergraduate and 7,000 postgraduate students, making it the largest university by higher education students in the South East region. The main campus is located in the Highfield area of Southampton. Four other campuses are located throughout the city alongside the School of Art based in nearby Winchester. The university has a strong emphasis on research, having one of the highest proportions of income derived from research activities in Britain. Southampton is highly regarded as a centre for educational excellence, ranking nationally as a top 20 university in various tables, and regularly rated in the top 10 of the National Student Survey. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Southampton) 98 176 5.7 4 7 28 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1201-chart-wp.html jstor JSTOR (pronounced jay-stor; short for Journal Storage) is a digital library founded in 1995. Originally containing digitized back issues of academic journals, it now also includes books and primary sources, and current issues of journals. It provides full-text searches of more than a thousand journals, dating back to 1665 in the case of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. More than 7,000 institutions in more than 150 countries have access to JSTOR. Most access is by subscription, but some old public domain content is freely available to anyone, and in 2012 JSTOR launched a program of free access to some further articles for individual scholars and researchers who register. JSTOR was originally funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, but is now an independent, self-sustaining not-for-profit organization with offices in New York City and Ann Arbor, Michigan. In January 2009, JSTOR merged with ITHAKA, becoming part of that organization. ITHAKA is a non-profit organization founded in 2003 "dedicated to helping the academic community take full advantage of rapidly advancing information and networking technologies". (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: JSTOR) 35 130 2.1 4.6 6 27.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16133-chart-wp.html rss RSS (most commonly expanded as Really Simple Syndication) is a family of web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works - such as blog entries, news headlines, audio, and video - in a standardized format. An RSS document (which is called a "feed", "web feed", or "channel") includes full or summarized text, plus metadata such as publishing dates and authorship. Web feeds benefit publishers by letting them syndicate content automatically. They benefit readers who want to subscribe to timely updates from favored websites or to aggregate feeds from many sites into one place. RSS feeds can be read using software called an "RSS reader", "feed reader", or "aggregator", which can be web-based, desktop-based, or mobile-device-based. A standardized XML file format allows the information to be published once and viewed by many different programs. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: RSS) 140 623 8.2 2.1 13 27.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/66-chart-wp.html google search Google Search or Google Web Search is a web search engine owned by Google Inc. and is the most-used search engine on the Web. Google receives several hundred million queries each day through its various services. The main purpose of Google Search is to hunt for text in webpages, as opposed to other data, such as with Google Image Search. Google search was originally developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1997. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Google Search) 27 33 1.6 9.1 3 27.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13466-chart-wp.html resource description The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a family of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specifications originally designed as a metadata data model. It has come to be used as a general method for conceptual description or modeling of information that is implemented in web resources, using a variety of syntax formats. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: RDF) 69 59 4 6.8 4 27.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/60-chart-wp.html library data An integrated library system (ILS), also known as a library management system (LMS), is an enterprise resource planning system for a library, used to track items owned, orders made, bills paid, and patrons who have borrowed. An ILS usually comprises a relational database, software to interact with that database, and two graphical user interfaces (one for patrons, one for staff). Most ILSes separate software functions into discrete programs called modules, each of them integrated with a unified interface. Examples of modules might include: acquisitions (ordering, receiving, and invoicing materials); cataloging (classifying and indexing materials); circulation (lending materials to patrons and receiving them back); serials (tracking magazine and newspaper holdings); the OPAC (public interface for users). Each patron and item has a unique ID in the database that allows the ILS to track its activity. Larger libraries use an ILS to order and acquire, receive and invoice, catalog, circulate, track and shelve materials. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Integrated library system) 10 15 0.6 13.3 2 26.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1503-chart-wp.html california digital library The California Digital Library, or CDL, is the University of California's 11th University Library. The CDL was founded to assist the ten University of California libraries in sharing their resources and holdings more effectively, in part through negotiating and acquiring consortial licenses on behalf of the entire University of California libraries system. Its current mission is to support the assembly and creative use of the world's scholarship and knowledge for the University of California libraries and the communities they serve. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: California Digital Library) 23 34 1.3 8.8 3 26.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13912-chart-wp.html ipad The iPad is a line of tablet computers designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc. primarily as a platform for audio-visual media including books, periodicals, movies, music, games, and web content. Its size and weight falls between those of contemporary smartphones and laptop computers. The iPad runs the same operating system as the iPod Touch and iPhone - and can run its own applications as well as iPhone applications. Without modification, and with the exception of websites, it will only run programs approved by Apple and distributed via its online store. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: IPad) 16 96 0.9 5.2 5 26 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10699-chart-wp.html sheffield hallam university Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a Higher Education institution in South Yorkshire, England, based on two sites in Sheffield. City Campus is located in the city centre, close to Sheffield railway station, and Collegiate Crescent Campus is about two miles away, adjacent to Ecclesall Road in south-west Sheffield. The university is the sixth largest in the UK, with more than 33,000 students, over 3,200 staff and 572 courses. One of the university's priorities is to promote regional wealth creation through enterprise and knowledge transfer. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Sheffield Hallam University) 25 35 1.5 8.6 3 25.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13727-chart-wp.html repositories support project The Repositories Support Project (RSP) is a 5.5 year JISC-funded initiative contributing to building repository capacity, knowledge and skills within UK higher education institutions. Through providing guidance and advice it benefits the whole of the UK sector resulting in the wider take-up and development of institutional repositories in HEIs. The aim of the project is to progress the vision of a deployed network of interoperable repositories for academic papers, learning materials and research data across the UK. Whilst fulfilling the business requirements of HEIs to manage their assets, showcase research outputs, and share learning materials, such a network of populated repositories is a major step forward in the provision of open access materials. (Excerpt from this source) 10 16 0.6 12.5 2 25 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8676-chart-wp.html bsi BSI Group, also known in its home market as the British Standards Institution (or BSI), is a multinational business services provider whose principal activity is the production of standards and the supply of standards-related services. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: BSI) 3 4 0.2 25 1 25 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8931-chart-wp.html screencast A screencast is a digital recording of computer screen output, also known as a video screen capture, often containing audio narration. The term screencast compares with the related term screenshot; whereas screenshot is a picture of a computer screen, a screencast is essentially a movie of the changes over time that a user sees on a computer screen, enhanced with audio narration. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Screencast) 3 4 0.2 25 1 25 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10015-chart-wp.html university of dundee The University of Dundee is a university based in the city and Royal burgh of Dundee on eastern coast of the central Lowlands of Scotland and with a small number of institutions elsewhere. Founded in 1881 the institution was, for most of its early existence, a constituent college of the University of St Andrews alongside United College and St Mary's College located in the town of St Andrews itself. Following significant expansion, the University of Dundee became an independent body in 1967 whilst retaining much of its ancient heritage and governance structure. Since its independence, the university has grown to become an internationally recognized centre for research. Dundee has developed a significant reputation for students entering the traditional professions most notably law, medicine and dentistry as well as emerging areas such as life sciences and art. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Dundee) 12 16 0.7 12.5 2 25 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13304-chart-wp.html irods Integrated Rule-Oriented Data System (iRODS) is a data grid software system developed by the Data Intensive Cyber Environments research group (developers of the SRB, the Storage Resource Broker), and collaborators. The iRODS system is based on expertise gained through a decade of applying the SRB technology in support of Data Grids, Digital Libraries, Persistent Archives, and Real-time Data Systems. iRODS management policies (sets of assertions these communities make about their digital collections) are characterized in iRODS Rules and state information. At the iRODS core, a Rule Engine interprets the Rules to decide how the system is to respond to various requests and conditions. iRODS is open source under a BSD license. (Excerpt from this source) 3 4 0.2 25 1 25 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16059-chart-wp.html cranfield university Cranfield University is a British postgraduate university based on two campuses, with a research-oriented focus. The main campus is at Cranfield, Bedfordshire and the second is the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom based at Shrivenham, Oxfordshire. The main campus is unique in the United Kingdom for having its own operational airport (Cranfield Airport) next to the main campus. The facilities at the airport are used by Cranfield University's own aircraft in the course of aerospace teaching and research. The university also has connections in India and Australia. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Cranfield University) 24 37 1.4 8.1 3 24.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13741-chart-wp.html access control Access control is a system which enables an authority to control access to areas and resources in a given physical facility or computer-based information system. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Access control) 45 104 2.6 4.8 5 24 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1303-chart-wp.html kings college london King's College London (informally King's or KCL) is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom and a constituent college of the federal University of London. King's has a claim to being the third oldest university in England, having been founded by King George IV and the Duke of Wellington in 1829, and having received its royal charter in 1836. In 1836 King's became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London. King's is arranged into nine Schools of Study, spread across four Thames-side campuses in Central London and one in Denmark Hill, South London. It is one of the largest centres for graduate and post-graduate medical teaching and biomedical research in Europe; it is home to six Medical Research Council centres, the most of any British university. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: King's College London) 78 105 4.6 4.8 5 24 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13721-chart-wp.html plone Plone is a free and open source content management system built on top of the Zope application server. In principle, Plone can be used for any kind of website, including blogs, internet sites, webshops and internal websites. It is also well positioned to be used as a document publishing system and groupware collaboration tool. The strengths of Plone are its flexible and adaptable workflow, very good security, extensibility, high usability and flexibility. Plone is released under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and is designed to be extensible. Major development is conducted periodically during special meetings called Plone Sprints. Additional functionality is added to Plone with Products, which may be distributed through the Plone website or otherwise. The Plone Foundation holds and enforces all copyrights and trademarks. Plone also has legal backing from the council of the Software Freedom Law Center. MediaWiki's "Monobook" layout is based partially on the Plone style sheets. High-profile public sector users include the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Brazilian Government, United Nations, City of Bern (Switzerland), New South Wales Government (Australia), and European Environment Agency. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Plone) 7 17 0.4 11.8 2 23.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14627-chart-wp.html oai-pmh OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is a protocol developed by the Open Archives Initiative. It is used to harvest (or collect) the metadata descriptions of the records in an archive so that services can be built using metadata from many archives. An implementation of OAI-PMH must support representing metadata in Dublin Core, but may also support additional representations. The protocol is usually just referred to as the OAI Protocol. OAI-PMH uses XML over HTTP. The current version is 2.0, updated in 2008. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: OAI-PMH) 93 344 5.4 2.6 9 23.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/177-chart-wp.html oxford university press Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world. It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics appointed by the Vice-Chancellor known as the Delegates of the Press. They are headed by the Secretary to the Delegates, who serves as OUP's chief executive and as its major representative on other university bodies. Oxford University has used a similar system to oversee the Press since the 17th century. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Oxford University Press) 32 39 1.9 7.7 3 23.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12360-chart-wp.html gis A geographic information system (GIS), geographical information system, or geospatial information system is a system that captures, stores, analyzes, manages and presents data with reference to geographic location data. In the simplest terms, GIS is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis and database technology. GIS may be used in archaeology, geography, cartography, remote sensing, land surveying, public utility management, natural resource management, precision agriculture, photogrammetry, urban planning, emergency management, landscape architecture, navigation, aerial video and localized search engines. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Geographic information system) 76 70 4.5 5.7 4 22.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1259-chart-wp.html rsp The Repositories Support Project (RSP) began as a 2.5 year project to co-ordinate and deliver good practice and practical advice to English and Welsh HEIs to enable the implementation, management and development of digital institutional repositories. The second, 3-year phase, began in March 2009. The RSP will contribute to building repository capacity, knowledge and skills within institutions. Through providing guidance and advice it will benefit the whole of the UK sector resulting in the wider take-up and development of institutional repositories in HEIs. The aim of the RSP is to progress the vision of a deployed network of inter-working repositories for academic papers, learning materials and research data across the UK. Whilst fulfilling the business requirements of HEIs to manage their assets, showcase research outputs, and share learning materials, such a network of populated repositories will be a major step forward in the provision of open access materials. As basic objectives of the project it has been agreed with JISC that the RSP should provide activities, support and advice, to achieve: * More repositories * More content in repositories * More use of content by researchers. *More re-use of that content by service providers offering innovative services *Wide-spread acceptance and use of standards-based approach to repository development and use. The First Phase of the project ran from October 2006 until March 2009, under the Repositories and Preservation Programme (http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/reppres.aspx ), and was a consortium of the University of Nottingham, University of Wales Aberystwyth, University of Southampton, and UKOLN. The Second Phase of the project runs from March 2009 until March 2012, and is being carried out by the Centre for Research Communications at the University of Nottingham. Project start date: 2006-10-01. Project end date: 2012-03-30. (Excerpt from this source) 8 40 0.5 7.5 3 22.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8673-chart-wp.html resource discovery Resource discovery encompasses locating and retrieving information in large, complex networked environments, including the internet. As volume increases year on year, digital information can be increasingly hard to find. JISC's resource discovery work seeks to provide advanced technical solutions that can help users within academia find their way through volumes of information, and more easily access published material. (Excerpt from this source) 254 541 14.9 2 11 22 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1192-chart-wp.html streaming Streaming media is multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end-user while being delivered by a streaming provider.[note 1] The name refers to the delivery method of the medium rather than to the medium itself. The distinction is usually applied to media that are distributed over telecommunications networks, as most other delivery systems are either inherently streaming (e.g., radio, television) or inherently non-streaming (e.g., books, video cassettes, audio CDs). The verb 'to stream' is also derived from this term, meaning to deliver media in this manner. Internet television is a commonly streamed medium. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Streaming) 36 115 2.1 4.3 5 21.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1605-chart-wp.html sql server Microsoft SQL Server is a relational model database server produced by Microsoft. Its primary query languages are T-SQL and ANSI SQL. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SQL Server) 10 19 0.6 10.5 2 21 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2499-chart-wp.html virtual research environment A virtual research environment (VREs) or virtual laboratory is an online system helping researchers collaborate. Features usually include collaboration support (forums and wikis), document hosting, and some discipline-specific tools, such as data analysis, visualisation, or simulation management. In some instances, publication management, and teaching tools such as presentations and slides may be included. VREs have become important in fields where research is primarily carried out in teams which span institutions and even countries: the ability to easily share information and research results is valuable. The concept of the VRE was studied by UK funding agency JISC in 2010 which highlighted issues such as researcher involvement in VRE design, sustainability, and consideration of the project as primarily one of community building rather than technology. The report also noted synonyms such as "collaborative e-research community", "collaboratory" and "virtual research community". JISC funded development of a number of VREs under its "Virtual research environment programme" from 2004 to 2011. In Australia, e-Research body NeCTAR has funding for a "virtual laboratory" program to be allocated in 2011. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Virtual research environment) 22 234 1.3 3 7 21 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14729-chart-wp.html university of strathclyde The University of Strathclyde (Scottish Gaelic: Oilthigh Srath Chluaidh), Glasgow, Scotland, is Glasgow's second university by age, founded in 1796, and receiving its Royal Charter in 1964 as the UK's first technological university. It takes its name from the historic Kingdom of Strathclyde. The university has developed its reputation and grown from approximately 4,000 full-time students in 1964 to over 20,000 students in 2003, when it celebrated the 100th anniversary of the laying of the foundation stone of the original Royal College building. Today, the university is a major educational centre, the largest postgraduate provider in Scotland and one of the largest in the UK (HESA 2006)for post-graduate studies and research, with students from around 90 countries. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Strathclyde) 49 78 2.9 5.1 4 20.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13723-chart-wp.html university of st andrews The University of St Andrews, informally referred to as St Andrews, is the oldest university in Scotland, and the third oldest in the United Kingdom and the English-speaking world after Oxford and Cambridge. St Andrews is considered one of the United Kingdom's best universities. World-class reputation in teaching and research consistently place St Andrews as the top university in Scotland and often amongst the top five in the UK, according to annual league tables produced by The Times, Sunday Times and The Guardian. The Times Higher Education World Universities Ranking named St Andrews among the world's Top 20 Arts and Humanities universities in 2010. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of St Andrews) 5 5 0.3 20 1 20 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1185-chart-wp.html marc MARC is an acronym, used in the field of library science, that stands for MAchine-Readable Cataloging. The MARC standards consist of the MARC formats, which are standards for the representation and communication of bibliographic and related information in machine-readable form, and related documentation. It defines a bibliographic data format that was developed by Henriette Avram at the Library of Congress beginning in the 1960s. It provides the protocol by which computers exchange, use, and interpret bibliographic information. Its data elements make up the foundation of most library catalogs used today. The record structure of MARC is an implementation of ISO 2709, also known as ANSI/NISO Z39.2. MARC records are composed of three elements: the record structure, the content designation, and the data content of the record. The record structure implements national and international standards (e.g., Z39.2, ISO2709). The content designation is "the codes and conventions established to identify explicitly and characterize ... data elements within a record" and support their manipulation. The content of data elements in MARC records is defined by standards outside the formats such as AACR2, L.C. Subject Headings, and MeSH. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: MARC standards) 98 314 5.7 2.5 8 20 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1268-chart-wp.html aida AIDA created a self-assessment tool for describing institutional readiness and capabilities for digital preservation. The tool took into account different states of institutional preparedness when recommending options or highlighting threats to assets. Project start date: 2007-10-01. Project end date: 2009-03-31. (Excerpt from this source) 3 5 0.2 20 1 20 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13610-chart-wp.html digital preservation coalition The Digital Preservation Coalition (DPC) is a UK-based non-profit limited company which seeks to secure the preservation of digital resources in the UK and internationally to secure the global digital memory and knowledge base. Founded in 2001, the DPC acts a consortium of those organisations interested in the preservation of digital information. Participation in the coalition is open to all sectors including commercial, cultural heritage, educational, governmental, and research bodies. The organisation was established to stop digital historical information disappearing into an electronic black hole. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Digital Preservation Coalition) 39 183 2.3 3.3 6 19.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12284-chart-wp.html open archives initiative The Open Archives Initiative (OAI) is an attempt to build a "low-barrier interoperability framework" for archives (institutional repositories) containing digital content (digital libraries). It allows people (Service Providers) to harvest metadata (from Data Providers). This metadata is used to provide "value-added services", often by combining different data sets. Initially, the initiative has been involved in the development of a technological framework and interoperability standards specifically for enhancing access to e-print archives, in order to increase the availability of scholarly communication; OAI is, therefore, closely related to the Open access publishing movement. However, the developed technology and standards are applicable in a much broader domain than scholarly publishing alone. The OAI technical infrastructure, specified in the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH), currently in version 2.0, defines a mechanism for data providers to expose their metadata. This protocol mandates that individual archives map their metadata to the Dublin Core, a simple and common metadata set for this purpose. In other words, the relation of OAI compatibility to Dublin Core is that OAI standards allow a common way to provide content, and part of those standards is that the content has metadata that describes the items in Dublin Core format. OAI has recently begun work on the Object Reuse and Exchange (OAI-ORE) project which defines standards for the description and exchange of aggregations of Web resources. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Open Archives Initiative) 103 183 6 3.3 6 19.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13909-chart-wp.html cookie A cookie, also known as an HTTP cookie, web cookie, or browser cookie, is used for an origin website to send state information to a user's browser and for the browser to return the state information to the origin site. The state information can be used for authentication, identification of a user session, user's preferences, shopping cart contents, or anything else that can be accomplished through storing text data on the user's computer. Cookies are not software. They cannot be programmed, cannot carry viruses, and cannot install malware on the host computer. However, they can be used by spyware to track user's browsing activities ‐ a major privacy concern that prompted European and US law makers to take action. Cookies can also be stolen by hackers to gain access to a victim's web account. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: HTTP cookies) 30 84 1.8 4.8 4 19.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14697-chart-wp.html open university The Open University (commonly Open University or its initialism OU, but officially "The" is part of its name) is a distance learning and research university founded by Royal Charter in the United Kingdom and funded in part by the United Kingdom Government. It is notable for having an open entry policy, i.e. students' previous academic achievements are not taken into account for entry to most undergraduate courses. The majority of the OU's undergraduate students are based in the United Kingdom and principally study off-campus, but many of its courses (both undergraduate and postgraduate) can be studied off-campus anywhere in the world. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Open University) 73 133 4.3 3.8 5 19 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1405-chart-wp.html ms word Microsoft Word is a commercial word processor designed by Microsoft. It was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), the Apple Macintosh (1984), the AT&T Unix PC (1985), Atari ST (1986), SCO UNIX, OS/2, and Microsoft Windows (1989). It is a component of the Microsoft Office system; it is also sold as a standalone product and included in Microsoft Works Suite. The current versions are Microsoft Word 2010 for Windows and 2011 for Mac. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: MS Word) 15 21 0.9 9.5 2 19 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3093-chart-wp.html digital asset management Digital asset management (DAM) consists of management tasks and decisions surrounding the ingestion, annotation, cataloguing, storage, retrieval and distribution of digital assets. Digital photographs, animations, videos and music exemplify the target-areas of media asset management (a sub-category of DAM). Digital asset management systems (DAMS) include computer software and hardware systems that aid in the process of digital asset management. The term "digital asset management" (DAM) also refers to the protocol for downloading, renaming, backing up, rating, grouping, archiving, optimizing, maintaining, thinning, and exporting files. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Digital asset management) 16 21 0.9 9.5 2 19 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4403-chart-wp.html association of research libraries The Association of Research Libraries is an organization of the leading research libraries in North America. As of October 2006, it comprises 123 libraries at comprehensive, research-intensive institutions in the US and Canada that share similar missions, aspirations, and achievements. ARL member libraries make up a large portion of the academic and research library marketplace, spending more than one billion dollars every year on library materials. The ARL Statistics and Measurement Program, through its annually published ARL Statistics, monitors the collections, expenditures, staffing, and services of member libraries of the Association. Statistics have been collected and published annually since 1961-62 and serve as indicators of the costs of serials and monographs as well as of the state of funding for research libraries. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Association of Research Libraries) 16 21 0.9 9.5 2 19 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12308-chart-wp.html ict Information and communications technology or information and communication technology, usually called ICT, is often used as an extended synonym for information technology (IT), but is usually a more general term that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), intelligent building management systems and audio-visual systems in modern information technology. ICT consists of all technical means used to handle information and aid communication, including computer and network hardware, communication middleware as well as necessary software. In other words, ICT consists of IT as well as telephony, broadcast media, all types of audio and video processing and transmission and network based control and monitoring functions. The expression was first used in 1997 in a report by Dennis Stevenson to the UK government and promoted by the new National Curriculum documents for the UK in 2000. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: ICT) 120 358 7 2.2 8 17.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13697-chart-wp.html university of alberta The University of Alberta (U of A) is a public research university located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It was founded in 1908 by Alexander Cameron Rutherford, the first premier of Alberta and Henry Marshall Tory, its first president. It has been recognized by the ARWU as one of the best universities in Canada. The university's main campus consists of over 90 buildings and covers 50 city blocks on the south rim of the North Saskatchewan River valley, directly across from downtown Edmonton. Its enabling legislation is the Post-secondary Learning Act. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Alberta) 4 6 0.2 16.7 1 16.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15933-chart-wp.html aberystwyth university Aberystwyth University is a university located in Aberystwyth, Wales. Aberystwyth was a founding Member Institution of the former federal University of Wales. As of late 2006, the University has over 12,000 students spread across seventeen academic departments. The University was founded in 1872 as University College Wales. In 1894 the University became a founder member of the University of Wales and changed its name to the University College of Wales Aberystwyth. In the mid 1990s the University again changed its name to the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Aberystwyth University) 4 6 0.2 16.7 1 16.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13809-chart-wp.html cessda CESSDA is an umbrella organisation for social science data archives across Europe. Since the 1970s the members have worked together to improve access to data for researchers and students. CESSDA research and development projects and Expert Seminars enhance exchange of data and technologies among data organisations. Preparations are underway to move CESSDA into a new organisation known as CESSDA European Research Infrastructure Consortium (CESSDA ERIC). (Excerpt from this source) 3 6 0.2 16.7 1 16.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15985-chart-wp.html storify Storify is a website that creates and preserves stories or timelines using social media such as Twitter, photos and videos. It was launched in 2010, and has been open to the public since April 2011. Users search multiple social networks from one place, and then drag individual elements into stories. Users can re-order the elements and also add text to help give context to the readers. Media organizations have used Storify in coverage of ongoing news stories such as elections and meetings and events. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Storify) 3 6 0.2 16.7 1 16.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16062-chart-wp.html duraspace DuraSpace is a not-for-profit organization founded in 2009 when the Fedora Commons organization and the DSpace Foundation, two of the largest providers of open source repository software for managing and providing access to digital content, joined their organisations. The DuraSpace portfolio of open source technologies is developed by librarians, archivists, technologists and researchers who share the goal of creating and preserving long-term access to the world's digital heritage. For stewards of knowledge open source software has several important advantages over proprietary software. Open source is developed through free sharing and the transparent exchange of ideas and resources among peers. DSpace and Fedora communities have used this process to build software platforms that power repositories in more than 1,500 institutions in over 100 countries. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: DuraSpace) 7 24 0.4 8.3 2 16.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16139-chart-wp.html data model A data model in software engineering is an abstract model, that documents and organizes the business data for communication between team members and is used as a plan for developing applications, specifically how data is stored and accessed. A data model explicitly determines the structure of data or structured data. Typical applications of data models include database models, design of information systems, and enabling exchange of data. Usually data models are specified in a data modeling language. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Data model) 39 99 2.3 4 4 16 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13900-chart-wp.html knowledge base A knowledge base (abbreviated KB) is a special kind of database for knowledge management, providing the means for the computerized collection, organization, and retrieval of knowledge. Also a collection of data representing related experiences, their results are related to their problems and solutions. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Knowledge base) 43 161 2.5 3.1 5 15.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1378-chart-wp.html microsoft Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT, NYSE: MSFT) is an American public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions. Established on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose to dominate the home computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems. Microsoft would also come to dominate the office suite market with Microsoft Office. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Microsoft) 241 763 14.1 1.4 11 15.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/129-chart-wp.html tag cloud A tag cloud (keyword cloud, or weighted list in visual design) is a visual depiction of user-generated tags, or simply the word content of a site, typically used to describe the content of web sites. Tags are usually single words and are normally listed alphabetically, and the importance of each tag is shown with font size or color. Thus, it is possible to find a tag alphabetically and by popularity. The tags are usually hyperlinks that lead to a collection of items that are associated with a tag. Sometimes, further visual properties are manipulated, such as the font color, intensity, or weight. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Tag cloud) 15 26 0.9 7.7 2 15.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13587-chart-wp.html atom The name Atom applies to a pair of related standards. The Atom Syndication Format is an XML language used for web feeds, while the Atom Publishing Protocol (AtomPub or APP) is a simple HTTP-based protocol for creating and updating web resources. The Atom format was developed as an alternative to RSS. Ben Trott, an advocate of the new format that became Atom, believed that RSS had limitations and flaws - such as lack of on-going innovation and its necessity to remain backward compatible - and that there were advantages to a fresh design.Proponents of the new format formed the IETF Atom Publishing Format and Protocol Workgroup. The Atom syndication format was published as an IETF proposed standard in RFC 4287 (December 2005), and the Atom Publishing Protocol was published as RFC 5023 (October 2007). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Atom) 23 60 1.3 5 3 15 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/71-chart-wp.html instant messaging Instant messaging (IM) is a form of real-time direct text-based communication between two or more people using personal computers or other devices, along with shared clients. The user's text is conveyed over a network, such as the Internet. More advanced instant messaging software clients also allow enhanced modes of communication, such as live voice or video calling. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Instant messaging) 21 61 1.2 4.9 3 14.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5183-chart-wp.html remote working Telecommuting or telework is a work arrangement in which employees enjoy flexibility in working location and hours. In other words, the daily commute to a central place of work is replaced by telecommunication links. Many work from home, while others, occasionally also referred to as nomad workers or web commuters utilize mobile telecommunications technology to work from coffee shops or other locations. Telework is a broader term, referring to substituting telecommunications for any form of work-related travel, thereby eliminating the distance restrictions of telecommuting. A person who telecommutes is known as a "telecommuter". A frequently repeated motto is that "work is something you do, not something you travel to". (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Remote working) 11 173 0.6 2.9 5 14.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9392-chart-wp.html passwords A password is a secret word or string of characters that is used for authentication, to prove identity or gain access to a resource (example: an access code is a type of password). The password should be kept secret from those not allowed access. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Password) 107 247 6.3 2.4 6 14.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1246-chart-wp.html repomman The RepoMMan Project is developing a tool which will allow users to interact with a Fedora digital repository as part of their natural workflow. The University of Hull takes a broad view of repository function, seeing it as offering storage, access, management and preservation of a wide range of objects from conception to completion and possible publication. The effectiveness of a repository is linked to the quality of its metadata. When a user chooses to make an object 'public' the RepoMMan tool will pre-populate its metadata using contextual information and metadata generation tools. The user is then able to refine this automated 'first-pass'. (Excerpt from this source) 13 62 0.8 4.8 3 14.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13563-chart-wp.html android Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. Google Inc. purchased the initial developer of the software, Android Inc., in 2005. Android's mobile operating system is based on a modified version of the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the Open Handset Alliance collaborated on Android's development and release. The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android. The Android operating system is the world's best-selling Smartphone platform. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Android (operating system)) 6 7 0.4 14.3 1 14.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10715-chart-wp.html city university london City University London, usually just known in the UK as City University, is a British university based in Northampton Square, Islington, London. The university has a research experience of over 100 years and has often been highly ranked for its graduate employability and graduate salaries. The University's mission, as outlined in its Strategy, is to "lead London in education, research and knowledge transfer for businesses and the professions". (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: City University London) 4 7 0.2 14.3 1 14.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13801-chart-wp.html alt-c The ALT annual conference, altc or alt-c, is the UK's main conference for learning technologists and one the the largest conferences of its kind. It is held over three days every September, providing a valuable and practical forum for practitioners, researchers, managers and policy-makers from education and industry to solve problems, explore, reflect, influence and learn. (Excerpt from this source) 5 7 0.3 14.3 1 14.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16083-chart-wp.html amazon web services Amazon Web Services (abbreviated AWS) is a collection of remote computing services (also called web services) that together make up a cloud computing platform, offered over the Internet by Amazon.com. The most central and well-known of these services are Amazon EC2 and Amazon S3. Launched in July 2002, Amazon Web Services provide online services for other web sites or client-side applications. Most of these services are not exposed directly to end users, but instead offer functionality that other developers can use in their applications. Amazon Web Services' offerings are accessed over HTTP, using REST and SOAP protocols. All services are billed based on usage, but how usage is measured for billing varies from service to service. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Amazon Web Services) 7 7 0.4 14.3 1 14.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16131-chart-wp.html usb Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a specification to establish communication between devices and a host controller (usually a personal computer), developed and invented by Ajay Bhatt, while working for Intel. USB has effectively replaced a variety of interfaces such as serial and parallel ports. USB can connect computer peripherals such as mice, keyboards, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, flash drives, Network Adapters, and external hard drives. For many of those devices, USB has become the standard connection method. USB was designed for personal computers, but it has become commonplace on other devices such as smartphones, PDAs and video game consoles, and as a power cord. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Universal Serial Bus) 15 28 0.9 7.1 2 14.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6051-chart-wp.html operating system An operating system (OS) is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on computers, manages computer hardware resources, and provides common services for execution of various application software. For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will frequently call the OS or be interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer - from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers. Examples of popular modern operating systems for personal computers are: Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, and Unix. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Operating system) 98 181 5.7 2.8 5 14 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1249-chart-wp.html yale university Yale University is a private Ivy League university located in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States. Yale Law School is consistently ranked as the top law school in the United States while the university is ranked among the top universities in the world. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Yale University) 19 29 1.1 6.9 2 13.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13857-chart-wp.html national library of wales The National Library of Wales (Welsh: Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru), Aberystwyth, is the national legal deposit library of Wales; one of the Welsh Government sponsored bodies. Welsh is its main medium of communication. However, it aims to deliver all public services in Welsh and English. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: National Library of Wales) 16 29 0.9 6.9 2 13.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15099-chart-wp.html foi Freedom of information (or information freedom) refers to the protection of the right to freedom of expression with regards to the Internet and information technology (see also, digital rights). Freedom of information may also concern censorship in an information technology context, i.e. the ability to access Web content, without censorship or restrictions. Freedom of information is an extension of freedom of speech, a fundamental human right recognised in international law, which is today understood more generally as freedom of expression in any medium, be it orally, in writing, print, through the Internet or through art forms. This means that the protection of freedom of speech as a right includes not only the content, but also the means of expression. Freedom of information may also refer to the right to privacy in the context of the Internet and information technology. As with the right to freedom of expression, the right to privacy is a recognised human right and freedom of information acts as an extension to this right. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Freedom of Information) 39 182 2.3 2.7 5 13.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14210-chart-wp.html university of california berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (also referred to as UC Berkeley, Cal Berkeley, Berkeley, or simply Cal), is a teaching and research university established in 1868 and located in Berkeley, California, USA. Berkeley is the most consistently well ranked university in the world overall as shown by a meta-analysis of subject/departmental data over the last sixteen years from the United States National Research Council, the US News & World Report, and Times Higher Education. Berkeley has the highest number of distinguished graduate programs ranked in the top 10 in their fields by the United States National Research Council. Among other honors, University faculty, alumni, and researchers have won 66 Nobel Prizes, 9 Wolf Prizes, 7 Fields Medals, 15 Turing Awards, 45 MacArthur Fellowships, 20 Academy Awards, and 11 Pulitzer Prizes. To date, UC Berkeley and its researchers are associated with 6 chemical elements of the periodic table (Californium, Seaborgium, Berkelium, Einsteinium, Fermium, Lawrencium) and Berkeley Lab has discovered 16 chemical elements in total - more than any other university in the world (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of California, Berkeley) 21 30 1.2 6.7 2 13.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13862-chart-wp.html national library of the netherlands The National Library of the Netherlands (Dutch: Koninklijke Bibliotheek or KB) is based in The Hague and was founded in 1798. The mission of the National Library of the Netherlands, as presented on the library's web site, is to provide "access to the knowledge and culture of the past and the present by providing high-quality services for research, study, and cultural experience". (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: National Library of the Netherlands) 20 30 1.2 6.7 2 13.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15849-chart-wp.html moodle Moodle (Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment) is a free and open-source e-learning software platform, also known as a Course Management System, Learning Management System, or Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). As of October 2010 it had a user base of 49,952 registered and verified sites, serving 37 million users in 3.7 million courses. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Moodle) 21 68 1.2 4.4 3 13.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6995-chart-wp.html mis A management information system (MIS) is a system that provides information needed to manage organizations effectively. Management information systems involve three primary resources: technology, information, and people. It's important to recognize that while all three resources are key components when studying management information systems ... the most important resource is people. Management information systems are regarded to be a subset of the overall internal controls procedures in a business, which cover the application of people, documents, technologies, and procedures used by management accountants to solve business problems such as costing a product, service or a business-wide strategy. Management information systems are distinct from regular information systems in that they are used to analyze other information systems applied in operational activities in the organization. Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the group of information management methods tied to the automation or support of human decision making, e.g. Decision Support Systems, Expert systems, and Executive information systems. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Management information system) 25 31 1.5 6.5 2 13 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1603-chart-wp.html web services A web service is a method of communication between two electronic devices over a network. The W3C defines a "web service" as "a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. It has an interface described in a machine-processable format (specifically Web Services Description Language WSDL). Other systems interact with the web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP messages, typically conveyed using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other Web-related standards." The W3C also states, "We can identify two major classes of web services, REST-compliant Web services, in which the primary purpose of the service is to manipulate XML representations of Web resources using a uniform set of "stateless" operations; and arbitrary Web services, in which the service may expose an arbitrary set of operations. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Web service) 197 655 11.5 1.4 9 12.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/62-chart-wp.html university of nottingham The University of Nottingham is a research university based in Nottingham, United Kingdom, with further campuses in Ningbo, China and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. With more than 49,000 applications for 5,500 places in 2011, Nottingham is the third most popular university in the UK, and has been described by The Times as "the nearest Britain has to a truly global university" and "a prime alternative to Oxbridge". Nottingham traditionally has one of the highest application to place ratios of any university in the United Kingdom, leading The Sunday Times to describe a place there as "among the most sought-after in higher education" and "with almost 10 applicants per place, Nottingham is one of the hardest universities to get into in the UK". Thus, entry into Nottingham is extremely competitive, with new undergraduates consistently averaging a UCAS tariff score in excess of 420 points (equivalent to over AAAa at A-Level) and "more than 80% of its students having at least three A grades at A-Level" according to the Times. Nottingham is a member of the Russell Group, Universitas 21, Sutton Trust, the Association of Commonwealth Universities, European University Association and Universities UK. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Nottingham) 46 72 2.7 4.2 3 12.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13744-chart-wp.html open standard An open standard is a standard that is publicly available and has various rights to use associated with it, and may also have various properties of how it was designed (e.g. open process). There is no single definition and interpretations vary with usage. The terms "open" and "standard" have a wide range of meanings associated with their usage. There are a number of definitions of open standards which emphasize different aspects of openness, including of the resulting specification, the openness of the drafting process, and the ownership of rights in the standard. The term "standard" is sometimes restricted to technologies approved by formalized committees that are open to participation by all interested parties and operate on a consensus basis. The definitions of the term "open standard" used by academics, the European Union and some of its member governments or parliaments such as Denmark, France, and Spain preclude open standards requiring fees for use, as do the New Zealand, South African and the Venezuelan governments. On the standard organisation side, the W3C ensures that its specifications can be implemented on a Royalty-Free (RF) basis. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Open standard) 9 8 0.5 12.5 1 12.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3292-chart-wp.html edinburgh college of art Edinburgh College of Art (ECA) is an art school in Edinburgh, Scotland, providing tertiary education in art and design disciplines for over two thousand students. Edinburgh College of Art is located in the Old Town of Edinburgh, overlooking the Grassmarket, and not far from the University of Edinburgh's George Square campus. The college was founded in 1760, and gained its present name and site in 1907. Formerly associated with Heriot-Watt University, it now has its degrees issued by the University of Edinburgh. The College formally merges with the University on 1 August 2011, combining with the School of Arts, Culture and Environment and continuing to exist under the name Edinburgh College of Art as a fourth College of the University, with administrative support from the College of Humanities and Social Sciences. As a result, the new Edinburgh College of Art will comprise not only Art, Design, Architecture and Landscape Architecture, but also History of Art and Music. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Edinburgh College of Art) 8 8 0.5 12.5 1 12.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13785-chart-wp.html leiden university Leiden University (Dutch: Universiteit Leiden), located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands. The university was founded in 1575 by William, Prince of Orange, leader of the Dutch Revolt in the Eighty Years' War. Leiden University has six faculties, over 50 departments and more than 150 undergraduate programmes and enjoys an outstanding international reputation. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Leiden University) 7 8 0.4 12.5 1 12.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13796-chart-wp.html university of leicester The University of Leicester is a research-led university based in Leicester, England. The main campus is a mile south of the city centre, adjacent to Victoria Park and Wyggeston and Queen Elizabeth I College. The university has established itself as a leading research-led university and has been named University of the Year of 2008 by the Times Higher Education. The university has consistently ranked amongst the top 20 universities in the United Kingdom by the Times Good University Guide, The Guardian and the Sunday Times University Guide. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Leicester) 8 8 0.5 12.5 1 12.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13802-chart-wp.html pageflakes Pageflakes is an Ajax-based startpage or personal web portal similar to Netvibes, My Yahoo!, iGoogle, Wikpage and Microsoft Live. The site is organized into tabs, each tab containing user-selected modules called Flakes. Each Flake varies in content; information such as RSS/Atom feeds, Calendar, Notes, Web search, weather forecast, del.icio.us bookmarks, Flickr photos, social networking tools like Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, email and user-created modules. Pageflakes has 250,000 Flakes and over 130,000 Pagecasts (publicly shared pages created by users with individual URLs). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Pageflakes) 5 8 0.3 12.5 1 12.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16006-chart-wp.html manchester metropolitan university Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU) is a university in North West England. Its headquarters and central campus is in the city of Manchester, but there are outlying facilities in the county of Cheshire. It is the third largest university in the United Kingdom in terms of student numbers, behind the Open University and its neighbour Manchester University. It is a member of the University Alliance and is classed as a new university. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Manchester Metropolitan University) 50 73 2.9 4.1 3 12.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13748-chart-wp.html ldap The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an application protocol for accessing and maintaining distributed directory information services over an Internet Protocol (IP) network. Directory services may provide any organized set of records, often with a hierarchical structure, such as a corporate email directory. LDAP is specified in a series of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Standard Track Request for Comments (RFCs), using the description language ASN.1. An LDAP server may return referrals to other servers for requests that it cannot fulfill itself. This requires a naming structure for LDAP entries so one can find a server holding a given DN or distinguished name, a concept defined in the X.500 Directory and also used in LDAP. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: LDAP) 33 73 1.9 4.1 3 12.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16127-chart-wp.html robert gordon university Robert Gordon University is located in Aberdeen, Scotland. Building on over 250 years involvement in education, it was granted university status in 1992. Robert Gordon University currently has approximately 16,407 students at its two campuses at Garthdee and the City Centre, studying on over 145 full-time and part-time undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Much of the university campus dates from 17th and 18th centuries. The Robert Gordon University was also voted best modern university in the UK for overall satisfaction by its students in the National Student Survey 2011. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Robert Gordon University) 29 33 1.7 6.1 2 12.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13822-chart-wp.html linux Linux refers to the family of Unix-like computer operating systems using the Linux kernel. Linux can be installed on a wide variety of computer hardware, ranging from mobile phones, tablet computers and video game consoles, to mainframes and supercomputers. Linux is a leading server operating system, and runs the 10 fastest supercomputers in the world. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Linux) 73 209 4.3 2.4 5 12 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1234-chart-wp.html oais An Open Archival Information System (or OAIS) is an archive, consisting of an organization of people and systems, that has accepted the responsibility to preserve information and make it available for a Designated Community. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: OAIS) 36 132 2.1 3 4 12 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2918-chart-wp.html openurl OpenURL is a standardized format (Z39.88) of Uniform Resource Locator (URL) intended to enable Internet users to more easily find a copy of a resource that they are allowed to access. Although OpenURL can be used with any kind of resource on the Internet, it is most heavily used by libraries to help connect patrons to subscription content. The OpenURL standard is designed to enable linking from information resources such as abstracting and indexing databases (sources) to library services (targets), such as academic journals, whether online or in printed or other formats. The linking is mediated by "link resolvers", or "link-servers", which parse the elements of an OpenURL and provide links to appropriate targets available through a library by the use of an OpenURL knowledge base. The source that generates an OpenURL is typically a bibliographic citation or bibliographic record in a database that indexes the information resources often found in libraries, such as articles, books, patents, etc. Examples of such databases include Ovid, Web of Science, SciFinder, Modern Languages Association Bibliography and Google Scholar. A target is a resource or service that helps satisfy a user's information needs. Examples of targets include full-text repositories, online journals, online library catalogs and other Web resources and services. The National Information Standards Organization (NISO) has developed OpenURL and its data container (the ContextObject) as American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard Z39.88. On 22 June 2006, the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) was named the maintenance agency for the standard. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: OpenUrl) 54 549 3.2 1.5 8 12 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3956-chart-wp.html zip The ZIP file format is a data compression and archive format. A ZIP file contains one or more files that have been compressed, to reduce file size, or stored as is. The ZIP file format permits a number of compression algorithms. The format was originally created in 1989 by Phil Katz, and was first implemented in PKWARE's PKZIP utility, as a replacement for the previous ARC compression format by Thom Henderson. The ZIP format is now supported by many software utilities other than PKZIP. Microsoft has included built-in ZIP support (under the name "compressed folders") in versions of its Windows operating system since 1998. Apple has included built-in ZIP support in Mac OS X 10.3 and later, along with other compression formats. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: ZIP) 20 34 1.2 5.9 2 11.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/93-chart-wp.html text mining Text mining, sometimes alternately referred to as text data mining, roughly equivalent to text analytics, refers to the process of deriving high-quality information from text. High-quality information is typically derived through the devising of patterns and trends through means such as statistical pattern learning. Text mining usually involves the process of structuring the input text (usually parsing, along with the addition of some derived linguistic features and the removal of others, and subsequent insertion into a database), deriving patterns within the structured data, and finally evaluation and interpretation of the output. 'High quality' in text mining usually refers to some combination of relevance, novelty, and interestingness. Typical text mining tasks include text categorization, text clustering, concept/entity extraction, production of granular taxonomies, sentiment analysis, document summarization, and entity relation modeling (i.e., learning relations between named entities). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Text mining) 20 137 1.2 2.9 4 11.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12561-chart-wp.html e-science E-Science (or eScience) is computationally intensive science that is carried out in highly distributed network environments, or science that uses immense data sets that require grid computing; the term sometimes includes technologies that enable distributed collaboration, such as the Access Grid. The term was created by John Taylor, the Director General of the United Kingdom's Office of Science and Technology in 1999 and was used to describe a large funding initiative starting in November 2000. Examples of the kind of science include social simulations, particle physics, earth sciences and bio-informatics. Particle physics has a well developed e-Science infrastructure in particular because of its need for adequate computing facilities for the analysis of results and storage of data originating from the CERN Large Hadron Collider, which started taking data in 2009. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: E-Science) 75 215 4.4 2.3 5 11.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12157-chart-wp.html semantic web The Semantic Web is a "web of data" that enables machines to understand the semantics, or meaning, of information on the World Wide Web. It extends the network of hyperlinked human-readable web pages by inserting machine-readable metadata about pages and how they are related to each other, enabling automated agents to access the Web more intelligently and perform tasks on behalf of users. The term was coined by Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web and director of the World Wide Web Consortium, which oversees the development of proposed Semantic Web standards. He defines the Semantic Web as "a web of data that can be processed directly and indirectly by machines. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Semantic Web) 110 316 6.4 1.9 6 11.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/35-chart-wp.html portico Portico is among the largest community-supported digital archives in the world. Working with libraries, publishers, and funders, Portico preserves e-journals, e-books, and other electronic scholarly content to ensure researchers and students will have access to it in the future. (Excerpt from this source) 14 78 0.8 3.8 3 11.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12306-chart-wp.html podcast A podcast (or non-streamed webcast) is a series of digital media files (either audio or video) that are released episodically and often downloaded through web syndication. The word replaced webcast in common vernacular due to the fame of the iPod and its role in the rising popularity and innovation of web feeds. The mode of delivery differentiates podcasting from other means of accessing media files over the Internet, such as direct download, or streamed webcasting. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Podcast) 51 143 3 2.8 4 11.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6955-chart-wp.html file sharing In computing, a shared resource or network share is a device or piece of information on a computer that can be remotely accessed from another computer, typically via a local area network or an enterprise Intranet, transparently as if it were a resource in the local machine. Examples are shared file access (also known as disk sharing and folder sharing), shared printer access (printer sharing), shared scanner access, etc. The shared resource is called a shared disk (also known as mounted disk), shared drive volume, shared folder, shared file, shared document, shared printer or shared scanner. The term file sharing traditionally means shared file access, especially in the context of operating systems and LAN and Intranet services, for example in Microsoft Windows documentation. Though, as BitTorrent and similar applications became available in the early 2000's, the term file sharing increasingly has become associated with peer-to-peer file sharing over the Internet. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Resource sharing) 9 9 0.5 11.1 1 11.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4575-chart-wp.html service oriented architecture Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a flexible set of design principles used during the phases of systems development and integration in computing. A system based on a SOA will package functionality as a suite of interoperable services that can be used within multiple, separate systems from several business domains. SOA also generally provides a way for consumers of services, such as web-based applications, to be aware of available SOA-based services. For example, several disparate departments within a company may develop and deploy SOA services in different implementation languages; their respective clients will benefit from a well understood, well defined interface to access them. XML is commonly used for interfacing with SOA services, though this is not required. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Service oriented architecture) 5 9 0.3 11.1 1 11.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6809-chart-wp.html rdfa RDFa (or Resource Description Framework - in - attributes) is a W3C Recommendation that adds a set of attribute level extensions to XHTML for embedding rich metadata within Web documents. The RDF data model mapping enables its use for embedding RDF triples within XHTML documents, it also enables the extraction of RDF model triples by compliant user agents. The W3C RDF in XHTML Taskforce is also working on an implementation for non-XML versions of HTML. The primary issue for the non-XML implementation is how to handle the lack of XML namespaces. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: RDFa) 7 9 0.4 11.1 1 11.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11224-chart-wp.html netvibes Netvibes is a personalized dashboard publishing platform for the Web including digital life management, widget distribution services and brand observation rooms. Common uses: brand monitoring; e-reputation management; product marketing; community portals, personal workspaces. Netvibes is a multi-lingual Ajax-based personalized start page or personal web portal much like My Yahoo!, iGoogle or Pageflakes. It is organized into tabs, with each tab containing user-defined modules. Built-in Netvibes modules include an RSS/Atom feed reader, local weather forecasts, a calendar supporting iCal, bookmarks, notes, to-do lists, multiple searches, support for POP3, IMAP4 email as well as several webmail providers including Gmail, Yahoo! Mail, Hotmail, and AOL Mail, Box.net web storage, Delicious, Meebo, Flickr photos, podcast support with a built-in audio player, and several others. A page can be personalized further through the use of existing themes or by creating personal theme. Customized tabs, feeds and modules can be shared with others individually or via the Netvibes Ecosystem. For privacy reasons, only modules with publicly available content can be shared. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Netvibes) 7 9 0.4 11.1 1 11.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15999-chart-wp.html oclc OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. (OCLC) is "a nonprofit, membership, computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the world's information and reducing information costs". It was incorporated on July 6, 1967 as the not-for-profit Ohio College Library Center. More than 27,000 libraries in 86 countries and territories use OCLC services to locate, acquire, catalog, lend and preserve library materials. The organization was founded by Fred Kilgour, and its head office is located in Dublin, Ohio, U.S. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: oclc) 133 325 7.8 1.8 6 10.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1184-chart-wp.html london school of economics The London School of Economics and Political Science (informally the London School of Economics or LSE) is a public research university specialised in the social sciences located in London, United Kingdom, and a constituent college of the federal University of London. Founded in 1895 by Fabian Society members Sidney Webb, Beatrice Webb and George Bernard Shaw, LSE joined the University of London in 1900 and degrees were issued to its students from 1902 onwards. Despite its name LSE conducts teaching and research across the entire range of the social sciences, including accounting and finance, anthropology, economics, geography, history, international relations, law, media and communications, philosophy, politics, psychology, social policy and sociology. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: London School of Economics and Political Science) 59 83 3.5 3.6 3 10.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12346-chart-wp.html sconul SCONUL (Society of College, National and University Libraries) is the membership organisation for all academic and national libraries in the UK and Ireland. SCONUL was founded in 1950 as the Standing Conference of National and University Libraries. In 1994 when British polytechnics became universities it merged with COPOL, the Council of Polytechnic Librarians, and in 2001 it extended its membership to libraries of Colleges of Higher Education and changed to its current name. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Society of College, National and University Libraries (SCONUL)) 26 37 1.5 5.4 2 10.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13693-chart-wp.html dspace DSpace is an open source software package that provides the tools for management of digital assets, and is commonly used as the basis for an institutional repository. It supports a wide variety of data, including books, theses, 3D digital scans of objects, photographs, film, video, research data sets and other forms of content. The data is arranged as community collections of items, which bundle bitstreams together. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Dspace) 80 595 4.7 1.3 8 10.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5043-chart-wp.html plain text In computing, plain text is the contents of an ordinary sequential file readable as textual material without much processing, usually opposed to formatted text. The encoding has traditionally been either ASCII, one of its many derivatives such as ISO/IEC 646 etc., or sometimes EBCDIC. Unicode is today gradually replacing the older ASCII derivatives limited to 7 or 8 bit codes. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Plain text) 28 39 1.6 5.1 2 10.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1377-chart-wp.html named entity recognition Named entity recognition (NER) (also known as entity identification and entity extraction) is a subtask of information extraction that seeks to locate and classify atomic elements in text into predefined categories such as the names of persons, organizations, locations, expressions of times, quantities, monetary values, percentages, etc. State-of-the-art NER systems for English produce near-human performance. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Named entity recognition) 8 10 0.5 10 1 10 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6469-chart-wp.html dbpedia DBpedia is a project aiming to extract structured content from the information created as part of the Wikipedia project. This structured information is then made available on the World Wide Web. DBpedia allows users to query relationships and properties associated with Wikipedia resources, including links to other related datasets. DBpedia has been described by Tim Berners-Lee as one of the more famous parts of the Linked Data project. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Dbpedia) 3 10 0.2 10 1 10 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10387-chart-wp.html university college cork University College Cork (UCC) is a constituent university of the National University of Ireland. The university is located in Cork. The university was founded as a college in 1845 as Queen's College, Cork. It became University College, Cork, under the Irish Universities Act of 1908. The Universities Act, 1997 renamed the university as National University of Ireland, Cork, and a Ministerial Order of 1998 renamed the university as University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork , though it continues to be almost universally known as University College Cork. The university was named Irish University of the Year by the Sunday Times in 2003, 2005, and 2011. In 2011 the QS World University Rankings ranked the university 181 in the world, placing it amongst the top 2% of universities worldwide. The university also received a 5-star rating in the QS University Rankings 2011. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University College Cork) 4 10 0.2 10 1 10 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15991-chart-wp.html digital archive An archive refers to a collection of historical records, as well as the physical place they are located. Archives contain primary source documents that have accumulated over the course of an individual or organization's lifetime, and are kept to show the function of an organization. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Archive) 74 164 4.3 2.4 4 9.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2669-chart-wp.html the national archives A national archive is a central archive maintained by a nation. The National Archives (abbreviated as TNA) is the name of the principle archives in the United Kingdom which covers the ambiguity between their holdings being specific to England, England and Wales, Great Britain and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: The National Archives) 67 164 3.9 2.4 4 9.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14159-chart-wp.html cilip The Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP) is a professional body representing librarians and other information professionals in the United Kingdom. It was formed in 2002 by the merger of the Library Association (abbreviated to LA or sometimes LAUK) ‐ founded in 1877 as a result of the first International Conference of Librarians and awarded a Royal Charter in 1898 ‐ and the Institute of Information Scientists, founded in 1958. Membership is not compulsory for practice, but members can work towards Chartered Membership which entitles them to the postnominal letters MCLIP, and subsequently toward Fellowship (FCLIP) [sic]. Affiliated members can also obtain ACLIP upon completing certification. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP)) 50 169 2.9 2.4 4 9.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14645-chart-wp.html w3c The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or W3). Founded and headed by Tim Berners-Lee, the consortium is made up of member organizations which maintain full-time staff for the purpose of working together in the development of standards for the World Wide Web. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: W3C) 114 543 6.7 1.3 7 9.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/57-chart-wp.html modeling A modeling language is any artificial language that can be used to express information or knowledge or systems in a structure that is defined by a consistent set of rules. The rules are used for interpretation of the meaning of components in the structure. A modeling language can be graphical or textual. Graphical modeling languages use a diagram technique with named symbols that represent concepts and lines that connect the symbols and represent relationships and various other graphical notation to represent constraints. Textual modeling languages typically use standardized keywords accompanied by parameters to make computer-interpretable expressions. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Modeling language) 11 11 0.6 9.1 1 9.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2668-chart-wp.html semiotic Semiotics, also called semiotic studies or (in the Saussurean tradition) semiology, is the study of signs and sign processes (semiosis), indication, designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication. Semiotics is closely related to the field of linguistics, which, for its part, studies the structure and meaning of language more specifically. Semiotics is often divided into three branches: 1) Semantics: Relation between signs and the things to which they refer; their denotata, or meaning. 2) Syntactics: Relations among signs in formal structures. 3) Pragmatics: Relation between signs and the effects they have on the people who use them. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Semiotics) 5 11 0.3 9.1 1 9.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15788-chart-wp.html university of bradford The University of Bradford (est. 1966) is a university in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. Formed from a technical college in 1966, there are three campuses: the main campus, located on Richmond Road, the School of Health, on Trinity Road, but due to move to the main campus in Summer 2011, and the School of Management, at Emm Lane. According to The Times Good University Guide 2008, the University of Bradford is the 48th best university in the country. It has roughly 12,000 students enrolled, of which almost a third are mature students. Almost 25% of students are international students, and come from over 100 countries. 92% of the university's domestic students come from the state sector. The University of Bradford was the first university in the UK to establish a Department of Peace Studies in 1973. The university is currently undergoing a £79 million redevelopment programme, to improve both its building and its accommodation, as well as its facilities for disabled students, who compose almost 6% of the total student population. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Bradford) 6 11 0.4 9.1 1 9.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13757-chart-wp.html jisc information environment The JISC Information Environment aims to help provide convenient access to resources for research and learning through the use of resource discovery and resource management tools and the development of better services and practice. The Information Environment aims to allow discovery, access and use of resources for research and learning irrespective of their location.There is now a critical mass of digital information resources that can be used to support researchers, learners, teachers and administrators in their work and study. The production of information is on the increase and ways to deal with this effectively are required. There is the need to ensure that quality information isn't lost amongst the masses of digital data created everyday. If we can continue to improve the management, interrogation and serving of 'quality' information there is huge potential to enhance knowledge creation across learning and research communities. (Excerpt from this source) 165 530 9.7 1.3 7 9.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14199-chart-wp.html oreilly O'Reilly Media (formerly O'Reilly & Associates) is an American media company established by Tim O'Reilly that publishes books and Web sites and produces conferences on computer technology topics. Their distinctive brand features a woodcut of an animal on many of their book covers. The company began in 1978 as a private consulting firm doing technical writing, based in the Cambridge, Massachusetts area. In 1984, it began to retain publishing rights on manuals created for Unix vendors. A few 70-page "Nutshell Handbooks" were well-received, but the focus remained on the consulting business until 1988. After a conference displaying O'Reilly's preliminary Xlib manuals attracted significant attention, the company began increasing production of manuals and books In 1992, O'Reilly Media published one of the first popular books about the Internet, Ed Krol's Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog. O'Reilly Media also created the first web portal, the Global Network Navigator ("GNN") in 1993; it was sold to AOL in 1995, one of the first large transactions of the dot-com bubble. O'Reilly launched a Perl Conference to raise the profile of the Perl programming language. Many of the company's other software bestsellers were also on topics that were off the radar of the commercial software industry. In 1998, O'Reilly invited many of the leaders of software projects to a meeting. Originally called the freeware summit, the meeting became known as the Open Source Summit. The O'Reilly Open Source Convention (which includes the Perl conference) is now one of O'Reilly's flagship events. Other key events include the Emerging Technology Conference and FOO Camp. Besides publishing, the company hosts many annual conferences, and provides online services for the open source community. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: O'Reilly Media) 27 44 1.6 4.5 2 9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15804-chart-wp.html lucene Apache Lucene is a free/open source information retrieval software library, originally created in Java by Doug Cutting. It is supported by the Apache Software Foundation and is released under the Apache Software License. Lucene has been ported to other programming languages including Delphi, Perl, C#, C++, Python, Ruby and PHP. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Lucene) 11 45 0.6 4.4 2 8.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5617-chart-wp.html university of bristol The University of Bristol is a university in Bristol, England. One of the so-called "red brick" universities, it received its Royal Charter in 1909, although its predecessor institution, University College, Bristol, had been in existence since 1876. Bristol is the most popular multifaculty university in the UK, with over 14 applicants vying for each place, and average A-level attainment of successful entrants of just under 4 grade As. For some of the most popular courses, such as Economics and Law, the applicant to place ratio is often as high as 40:1. The University has an annual turnover of £347m and is the largest independent employer in Bristol. The University is a member of the Russell Group, The European-wide Coimbra Group and the Worldwide Universities Network, of which the University's Vice-Chancellor Prof Eric Thomas was Chair (2005-2007). The University of Bristol has approximately 18,000 students. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Bristol) 98 190 5.7 2.1 4 8.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12-chart-wp.html premis PREMIS (PREservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies) is an international working group concerned with developing metadata for use in digital preservation. In 2003 the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) and Research Libraries Group (RLG) established the PREMIS working group, which consisted of a multi-national roster of more than thirty representatives from the cultural, government, and private sectors, in order to define implementable, core preservation metadata, with guidelines/recommendations for management and use. PREMIS was 'charged to define a set of semantic units that are implementation independent, practically oriented, and likely to be needed by most preservation repositories'. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: PREMIS) 6 12 0.4 8.3 1 8.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7747-chart-wp.html austrian national library The Austrian National Library is the largest library in Austria with 7.4 million items in its various collections. The library is located in the Hofburg Palace in Vienna. Since 2005, some of the collections have been relocated within the baroque structure of the Palais Mollard-Clary. Originally founded by the Habsburgs, the library was originally entitled the 'Hof-Bibliothek' ("Imperial Library"; it was in 1920 that the change to its current name occurred). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Austrian National Library) 9 12 0.5 8.3 1 8.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15994-chart-wp.html mac os Mac OS X is a series of Unix-based operating systems and graphical user interfaces developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. Since 2002, Mac OS X has been included with all new Macintosh computer systems. It is the successor to Mac OS 9, released in 1999, the final release of the "classic" Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating system since 1984. Mac OS X, whose X is the Roman numeral for 10 and is a prominent part of its brand identity, is a Unix-based graphical operating system, built on technologies developed at NeXT between the second half of the 1980s and Apple's purchase of the company in late 1996. From its sixth release, Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard" and onward, every release of Mac OS X gained UNIX 03 certification while running on Intel processors. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Mac OS X) 33 50 1.9 4 2 8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1235-chart-wp.html ucisa UCISA (Universities and Colleges Information Systems Association) is a United Kingdom association which represents the whole of higher education, and increasingly further education, in the provision and development of academic, management and administrative information systems. UCISA was formed on 1 April 1993, by a merger of three bodies: the Inter-University Computing Committee (IUCC), the Polytechnics and Colleges Computer Committee (PCCC), and the Management Information Systems Committee (MISC). This merger took place in response to the Further and Higher Education Act of 1992 which effectively removed the binary distinction between universities and polytechnics/colleges, creating a single higher education sector. UCISA is a membership organisation which consists of full members (universities, colleges and other educational institutions), affiliate members (other educational, not for profit organisations, overseas universities and educational bodies) and corporate members (commercial organisations). There are currently over 140 full members, over 30 affiliate members, and over 50 corporate members. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Universities and Colleges Information Systems Association (UCISA)) 29 51 1.7 3.9 2 7.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13694-chart-wp.html university of brighton The University of Brighton is an English university with a community of 21,000 students and 2,600 staff based on campuses in Brighton, Eastbourne and Hastings. It has one of the best teaching quality ratings in the UK and a strong research record, factors which contribute to its reputation as a leading post-1992 university. Its roots can be traced back to 1859 when the School of Art was opened in the Brighton Royal Pavilion. The university's focus is on professional education, with the majority of degrees awarded also leading to professional qualifications. The university has an international reputation for being one of the UK's leading design institutions and it has educated many key figures in the Arts, Turner Prize winners Keith Tyson and Rachel Whiteread studied at the Faculty of Arts, as did Keith Coventry, the winner of 2010 John Moores Painting Prize, the artist Alison Lapper, Cliff Wright, illustrator of the Harry Potter books, the designer Julien Macdonald and the writer-illustrator Emily Gravett. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Brighton) 9 13 0.5 7.7 1 7.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13777-chart-wp.html ncas The National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS) is a world leader in atmospheric science. NCAS carries out research programmes on: the science of climate change, including modelling and predictions; atmospheric composition, including air quality; weather, including hazardous weather; technologies for observing and modelling the atmosphere. Additionally, NCAS provides scientific facilities for researchers right across the UK to enable excellent atmospheric science on a national scale. (Excerpt from this source) 3 13 0.2 7.7 1 7.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14880-chart-wp.html iso The International Organization for Standardization, widely known as ISO, is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on February 23, 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary industrial and commercial standards. It has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: ISO) 79 209 4.6 1.9 4 7.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1215-chart-wp.html uk data archive The UK Data Archive is a national centre of expertise in data archiving in the United Kingdom (UK). It houses the largest collection of digital data in the social sciences and humanities in the UK. Located in Colchester, the UK Data Archive is a specialist centre of the University of Essex. It is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) and the University of Essex. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: UK Data Archive) 28 54 1.6 3.7 2 7.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13821-chart-wp.html apache The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to as Apache, is web server software notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. In 2009 it became the first web server software to surpass the 100 million website milestone. Apache was the first viable alternative to the Netscape Communications Corporation web server (currently known as Oracle iPlanet Web Server), and has since evolved to rival other web servers in terms of functionality and performance. Typically Apache is run on a Unix-like operating system. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Apache HTTP Server) 75 480 4.4 1.2 6 7.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/74-chart-wp.html rfid Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses communication through the use of radio waves to exchange data between a reader and an electronic tag attached to an object, for the purpose of identification and tracking. It is possible in the near future, RFID technology will continue to proliferate in our daily lives the way that bar code technology did over the forty years leading up to the turn of the 21st century bringing unobtrusive but remarkable changes when it was new. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: RFID) 9 14 0.5 7.1 1 7.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5632-chart-wp.html tufts university Tufts University is a private research university located in Medford/Somerville, near Boston, Massachusetts. It is organized into ten schools, including two undergraduate programs and eight graduate divisions, on four campuses in Massachusetts and on the eastern border of France. The university emphasizes active citizenship and public service in all of its disciplines and is well known for its internationalism and study abroad programs. Among its schools is the United States' oldest graduate school of international relations, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Tufts University) 7 14 0.4 7.1 1 7.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13776-chart-wp.html srw Search/Retrieve Web service (SRW) is a web service for search and retrieval. SRW provides a SOAP interface to queries, to augment the URL interface provided by its companion protocol Search/Retrieve via URL (SRU). Queries in SRU and SRW are expressed using the Contextual Query Language (CQL). Standards for SRW, SRU, and CQL are promulgated by the United States Library of Congress. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SRW) 20 58 1.2 3.4 2 6.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4619-chart-wp.html crm Customer relationship management (CRM) is a widely-implemented strategy for managing a company's interactions with customers, clients and sales prospects. It involves using technology to organize, automate, and synchronize business processes - principally sales activities, but also those for marketing, customer service, and technical support. The overall goals are to find, attract, and win new clients, nurture and retain those the company already has, entice former clients back into the fold, and reduce the costs of marketing and client service. Customer relationship management describes a company-wide business strategy including customer-interface departments as well as other departments. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Customer relationship management) 8 15 0.5 6.7 1 6.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7306-chart-wp.html university of sussex The University of Sussex is an English campus university situated next to the East Sussex village of Falmer, within the city of Brighton and Hove. The University received its Royal Charter in August 1961. The university is currently ranked 8th in the UK, 16th in Europe and 79th in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. The Guardian university guide 2012 placed Sussex joint 11th, and the Times Good University Guide 2012 ranks Sussex at 14th place. Sussex is also a founder member of the 1994 Group of research-intensive universities. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Sussex) 12 15 0.7 6.7 1 6.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13740-chart-wp.html sms Short Message Service (SMS) is the text communication service component of phone, web, or mobile communication systems, using standardized communications protocols that allow the exchange of short text messages between fixed line or mobile phone devices. SMS text messaging is the most widely used data application in the world, with 2.4 billion active users, or 74% of all mobile phone subscribers. The term SMS is used as a synonym for all types of short text messaging as well as the user activity itself in many parts of the world. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SMS) 23 62 1.3 3.2 2 6.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3921-chart-wp.html newcastle university Newcastle University is a major research-intensive university located in Newcastle upon Tyne in the north-east of England. It was established as a School of Medicine and Surgery in 1834 and became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne by an Act of Parliament in August 1963. Newcastle University is a member of the Russell Group, an association of research-intensive UK universities. The University has one of the largest EU research portfolios in the UK. The post-nominal letters of graduates commonly have N'cle attached to indicate the institution (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Newcastle University) 48 64 2.8 3.1 2 6.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13827-chart-wp.html birmingham city university Birmingham City University (formerly Birmingham Polytechnic and the University of Central England in Birmingham) is a British University in the city of Birmingham, England. It is one of three universities in the city, the other two being the University of Birmingham and Aston University. Established in 1971, it was designated as a polytechnic until 1992, when it gained university status. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Birmingham City University) 13 16 0.8 6.2 1 6.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14105-chart-wp.html web application A web application is an application that is accessed over a network such as the Internet or an intranet. The term may also mean a computer software application that is hosted in a browser-controlled environment (e.g. a Java applet) or coded in a browser-supported language (such as JavaScript, combined with a browser-rendered markup language like HTML) and reliant on a common web browser to render the application executable. Web applications are popular due to the ubiquity of web browsers, and the convenience of using a web browser as a client, sometimes called a thin client. The ability to update and maintain web applications without distributing and installing software on potentially thousands of client computers is a key reason for their popularity, as is the inherent support for cross-platform compatibility. Common web applications include webmail, online retail sales, online auctions, wikis and many other functions. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Web application) 42 65 2.5 3.1 2 6.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15299-chart-wp.html cardiff university Cardiff University is a university located in the Cathays Park area of Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom. It received its Royal charter in 1883 and is a member of the Russell Group of Universities. The university is consistently recognised as providing the best university education in Wales. In the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise, almost 60 per cent of all research at Cardiff University was assessed as world-leading or internationally excellent - 4* and 3* the top two categories of assessment. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Cardiff University) 8 17 0.5 5.9 1 5.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13769-chart-wp.html information today Information Today, Inc. (ITI) is the publisher of several Internet and Technology magazines, newsletters and books all geared toward the library, information & knowledge management community. They also coordinate several conferences for technology and library science professionals. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Information Today) 15 17 0.9 5.9 1 5.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15019-chart-wp.html coalition for networked information The Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) is an organization whose mission is to promote networked information technology as a way to further the advancement of intellectual collaboration and productivity. It is a joint initiative of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) as well as EDUCAUSE. It was started in 1990, and its founding executive director, Paul Evan Peters, served until his death in 1996. Since then it has grown to include over 200 institutions which include both for-profit and non-profit members. It holds semi-annual conferences where its member organizations send representatives to discuss the current trends and activities of the networked information community. Its directors are also frequent contributors to scholarly journals in the information science field. It works on a consultative basis with many of its members: for instance, it is working with the Library of Congress in an effort to map out a National Digital Preservation Program. It also works with international members in countries such as England and Germany. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Coalition for Networked Information) 51 68 3 2.9 2 5.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14921-chart-wp.html edina EDINA is a UK-based data centre (funded by the Joint Information Systems Committee - JISC), which provides data applications delivered over the Internet and aimed primarily at Higher Education staff and students in the United Kingdom. (In this context, a "data centre" is an organisation that provides a set of specific datasets which can either be downloaded, or accessed and manipulated directly over the Internet. The two other main UK-based data centres are MIMAS and the UKDA.) It also conducts research and development (R&D) projects into the delivery of data across networks. Although funded at a national level, EDINA operates through the University of Edinburgh, where it is a division of Information Services. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: EDINA) 63 162 3.7 1.9 3 5.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1646-chart-wp.html university of washington The University of Washington is a public research university in Seattle, Washington, United States. Founded in 1861. UW is the largest university in the Northwest and the oldest public university on the West Coast. The university has three campuses: The largest in the University District, Seattle and two others in Tacoma and Bothell. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Washington) 14 18 0.8 5.6 1 5.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15936-chart-wp.html exif Exchangeable image file format (Exif) is a standard that specifies the formats for images, sound, and ancillary tags used by digital cameras (including smartphones), scanners and other systems handling image and sound files recorded by digital cameras. The specification uses the following existing file formats with the addition of specific metadata tags: JPEG DCT for compressed image files, TIFF Rev. 6.0 (RGB or YCbCr) for uncompressed image files, and RIFF WAV for audio files (Linear PCM or ITU-T G.711 μ-Law PCM for uncompressed audio data, and IMA-ADPCM for compressed audio data). It is not supported in JPEG 2000, PNG, or GIF. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Exif) 6 18 0.4 5.6 1 5.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7528-chart-wp.html intranet An intranet is a computer network that uses Internet Protocol technology to securely share any part of an organization's information or network operating system within that organization. The term is used in contrast to internet, a network between organizations, and instead refers to a network within an organization. Sometimes, the term refers only to the organization's internal website, but may be a more extensive part of the organization's information technology infrastructure. It may host multiple private websites and constitute an important component and focal point of internal communication and collaboration. Any of the well known Internet protocols may be found in an intranet, such as HTTP (web services), SMTP (e-mail), and FTP (file transfer protocol). Internet technologies are often deployed to provide modern interfaces to legacy information systems hosting corporate data. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Intranet) 86 296 5 1.4 4 5.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15234-chart-wp.html university of utrecht Utrecht University (Dutch: Universiteit Utrecht, formerly Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht) is a university in Utrecht, Netherlands. It is one of the oldest universities in the Netherlands and one of the largest in Europe. It is rated as the best university in the Netherlands, 11th best university in Europe, and 50th best in the world in the Academic Ranking of World Universities. Established March 26, 1636, it had an enrollment of 29,082 students in 2008, and employed 8,614 faculty and staff, 570 of which are full professors. In 2004, 358 Ph.D. degrees were awarded and 7,010 scientific articles were published. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Utrecht University) 8 18 0.5 5.6 1 5.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15980-chart-wp.html xhtml XHTML (eXtensible HyperText Markup Language) is a family of XML markup languages that mirror or extend versions of the widely-used Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the language in which web pages are written. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: XHTML) 33 163 1.9 1.8 3 5.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/103-chart-wp.html gpl The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or simply GPL) is the most widely used free software license, originally written by Richard Stallman for the GNU project. The GPL is the first copyleft license for general use, which means that derived works can only be distributed under the same license terms. Under this philosophy, the GPL grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the free software definition and uses copyleft to ensure the freedoms are preserved, even when the work is changed or added to. This is in distinction to permissive free software licenses, of which the BSD licenses are the standard examples. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: GPL) 8 19 0.5 5.3 1 5.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6459-chart-wp.html romeo The RoMEO Project (Rights MEtadata for Open archiving) was a JISC project investigating the rights issues surrounding the 'self-archiving' of research in the UK academic community under the Open Archive Initiative's Protocol for Metadata Harvesting. It performed a series of stakeholder surveys to ascertain how 'give-away' research literature (and metadata) is used, and how it should be protected. Building on existing schemas and vocabularies (such as Open Digital Rights Language) a series of rights elements was developed and a solution for the protection of the IPR in metadata itself was also created. A follow up to the Romeo project was another project called 'Partnering on Copyright', aiming to contribute to raising awareness of the copyright issues surrounding self archiving. The Partnering on Copyright project has provided an advocacy toolkit for promoting the copyright issues surrounding self archiving and has led to further developments on the SHERPA/RoMEO database. (Excerpt from this source) 31 77 1.8 2.6 2 5.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13492-chart-wp.html bibliographic control In library and information science, bibliographic control (also known as information organization or bibliographic organization) is the process by which information resources are described so that users are able to find and select that information resource. An information resource could be a book, a movie, or an image, among other things. By providing a name, title, and subject access to the description, a bibliographic record is created. This bibliographic record, which is essentially metadata, is indexed by an information retrieval tool (such as a database or a search engine) so that a user can find out whether or not the information resource is relevant to them. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Bibliographic control) 16 20 0.9 5 1 5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1245-chart-wp.html wayback machine The Wayback Machine is a digital time capsule created by the Internet Archive non-profit organization, based in San Francisco, California. It is maintained with content from Alexa Internet. This service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time - what the Archive calls a "three dimensional index." Internet Archive bought the domain waybackmachine.org for their own site. It is currently in beta test. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Wayback Machine) 12 20 0.7 5 1 5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5207-chart-wp.html american library association The American Library Association (ALA) is a non-profit organization based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally. It is the oldest and largest library association in the world, with more than 62,000 members. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: American Library Association) 31 81 1.8 2.5 2 5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14082-chart-wp.html gnu The GNU Project is a free software, mass collaboration project, announced on September 27, 1983, by Richard Stallman at MIT. It initiated GNU operating system development in January, 1984. The founding goal of the project was, in the words of its initial announcement, to develop "a sufficient body of free software [...] to get along without any software that is not free." To make this happen, the GNU Project began working on an operating system called GNU ("GNU" is a recursive acronym that stands for "GNU's Not Unix"). This goal of making a free software operating system was achieved in 1992 when the last gap in the GNU system, a kernel, was filled by the third-party Linux kernel being released as Free Software, under version 2 of the GNU GPL. Current work of the GNU Project includes software development, awareness building, political campaigning and sharing of the new material. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: GNU) 35 85 2.1 2.4 2 4.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/113-chart-wp.html ascii The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a character-encoding scheme based on the ordering of the English alphabet. ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, though they support many more characters than did ASCII. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: ASCII) 39 83 2.3 2.4 2 4.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1254-chart-wp.html mobile learning The term M-Learning, or "mobile learning", has different meanings for different communities. Although related to e-learning and distance education, it is distinct in its focus on learning across contexts and learning with mobile devices. One definition of mobile learning is: Any sort of learning that happens when the learner is not at a fixed, predetermined location, or learning that happens when the learner takes advantage of the learning opportunities offered by mobile technologies. In other words mobile learning decreases limitation of learning location with the mobility of general portable devices. The term covers: learning with portable technologies including but not limited to handheld computers, MP3 players, notebooks and mobile phones. M-learning focuses on the mobility of the learner, interacting with portable technologies, and learning that reflects a focus on how society and its institutions can accommodate and support an increasingly mobile population. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Mobile learning) 10 21 0.6 4.8 1 4.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5234-chart-wp.html university of melbourne The University of Melbourne (informally Melbourne University, Melbourne Uni, Unimelb, UMelb, UOM or just Melbourne) is a public university located in Melbourne, Victoria. Founded in 1853, it is the second oldest university in Australia and the oldest in Victoria. The main campus is located in Parkville, an inner suburb just north of the Melbourne CBD. The university also has several other campuses located across Victoria. It is a member of Australia's "Group of Eight" lobby group, the Universitas 21 and Association of Pacific Rim Universities networks. It is colloquially known as a sandstone university and has one of the largest financial endowments of any Australian university, standing at $1.173 billion as of 2010. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Melbourne) 12 21 0.7 4.8 1 4.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12342-chart-wp.html google scholar Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines. Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online journals of Europe and America's largest scholarly publishers. It is similar in function to the freely-available Scirus from Elsevier, CiteSeerX, and getCITED. It is also similar to the subscription-based tools, Elsevier's Scopus and Thomson ISI's Web of Science. Its advertising slogan - "Stand on the shoulders of giants" - is a nod to the scholars who have contributed to their fields over the centuries, providing the foundation for new intellectual achievements. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Google Scholar) 43 84 2.5 2.4 2 4.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13918-chart-wp.html firefox Mozilla Firefox is a free and open source web browser descended from the Mozilla Application Suite and managed by Mozilla Corporation. As of March 2011, Firefox is the second most widely used browser with approximately 30% of worldwide usage share of web browsers. The browser has had particular success in Germany and Poland, where it is the most popular browser with 60% usage and 47% respectively. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Firefox) 31 86 1.8 2.3 2 4.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/114-chart-wp.html dewey decimal The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC, also called the Dewey Decimal System) is a proprietary system of library classification developed by Melvil Dewey in 1876. It has been greatly modified and expanded through 22 major revisions, the most recent in 2003. This system organizes books on library shelves in a specific and repeatable order that makes it easy to find any book and return it to its proper place. The system is used in 200,000 libraries in at least 135 countries. A designation such as Dewey 16 refers to the 16th edition of the DDC. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Dewey Decimal) 17 22 1 4.5 1 4.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1280-chart-wp.html national library of australia The National Library of Australia is the largest reference library of Australia, responsible under the terms of the National Library Act for "maintaining and developing a national collection of library material, including a comprehensive collection of library material relating to Australia and the Australian people." The Library contains a collection totalling 10,416,119 materials (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: National Library of Australia) 37 92 2.2 2.2 2 4.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14093-chart-wp.html mods The Object Description Schema (MODS) is an XML-based bibliographic description schema developed by the United States Library of Congress' Network Development and Standards Office. MODS was designed as a compromise between the complexity of the MARC format used by libraries and the extreme simplicity of Dublin Core metadata. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS)) 15 23 0.9 4.3 1 4.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5569-chart-wp.html goldsmiths college Goldsmiths, University of London, is a research university and a constituent college of the University of London, specialising in the teaching and research of creative, cultural and cognitive disciplines. The institution was founded in 1891 as Goldsmiths' Technical and Recreative Institute by the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths in New Cross, London. It was acquired by the University of London in 1904 and was renamed Goldsmiths' College. The word 'College' was dropped from its branding in 2006, but "Goldsmiths' College", with the apostrophe, remains the institution's formal legal name. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Goldsmiths College) 17 23 1 4.3 1 4.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13772-chart-wp.html institute of historical research The Institute of Historical Research (or IHR) is a British educational organisation providing resources and training for historical researchers. It is part of the School of Advanced Study in the University of London and is located at Senate House. IHR maintains different academic institutions, such as a library, the seminar programme as well as several integrated bodies and programmes. It also continues to publish high quality historical research. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Institute of Historical Research) 10 23 0.6 4.3 1 4.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15983-chart-wp.html cetis The JISC Centre for Educational Technology and Interoperability Standards (JISC CETIS) is a United Kingdom organisation funded by JISC, the Joint Information System Committee of the UK's education funding councils. JISC CETIS is funded and structured in a manner similar to other JISC services such as UKOLN. JISC CETIS is tasked with contributing to and providing information about learning technology with a particular focus on technical interoperability standards relevant to education, such as XML Schemas for educational content, learner information (and eportfolio), learning design, assessment, accessibility and enterprise systems (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: JISC CETIS) 35 106 2.1 1.9 2 3.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5153-chart-wp.html sru Search/Retrieve via URL (SRU) is a standard search protocol for Internet search queries, utilizing Contextual Query Language (CQL), a standard query syntax for representing queries. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SRU) 21 106 1.2 1.9 2 3.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5591-chart-wp.html university of warwick The University of Warwick (informally Warwick University or Warwick) is a public research university located in Coventry, United Kingdom. The University was founded in 1965 following a government initiative to expand access to higher education and in 2000 Warwick Medical School was opened as part of an initiative to train more doctors in the UK. The University describes itself as a research led institution and in the last Research Assessment Exercise the University was the 7th highest-ranked research institution in the UK. Warwick is the "2nd most targeted university in the UK by top employers." It is one of only five universities never to have been rated outside the top ten in terms of teaching excellence and research. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Warwick) 20 26 1.2 3.8 1 3.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13722-chart-wp.html institute of physics The Institute of Physics (IOP) is a scientific charity devoted to increasing the practice, understanding and application of physics. It has a worldwide membership of over 45,000. It is the learned society for physics and main professional body for physicists in the United Kingdom and Ireland. As a part of its mission, the IOP works to engage the public with physics and is prominent in its work in policy and advocacy, lobbying for stronger support for physics in education, research and industry in the UK and Ireland. In addition to this, the IOP provides services to its members including careers advice and professional development and grants the professional qualification of Chartered Physicist (CPhys), as well as Chartered Engineer (CEng) as a nominated body of the Engineering Council. The IOP's publishing company, IOP Publishing, publishes more than 60 academic titles. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Institute of Physics) 18 26 1.1 3.8 1 3.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16153-chart-wp.html windows Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems and graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. As of October 2009, Windows had approximately 91% of the market share of the client operating systems for usage on the Internet. The most recent client version of Windows is Windows 7; the most recent server version is Windows Server 2008 R2; the most recent mobile OS version is Windows Phone 7. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Microsoft Windows) 149 442 8.7 0.9 4 3.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1189-chart-wp.html natural language processing Natural language processing (NLP) is a field of computer science and linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages. In theory, natural-language processing is a very attractive method of human-computer interaction. Natural language understanding is sometimes referred to as an AI-complete problem, because natural-language recognition seems to require extensive knowledge about the outside world and the ability to manipulate it. NLP has significant overlap with the field of computational linguistics, and is often considered a sub-field of artificial intelligence. Modern NLP algorithms are grounded in machine learning, especially statistical machine learning. Research into modern statistical NLP algorithms requires an understanding of a number of disparate fields, including linguistics, computer science, and statistics. For a discussion of the types of algorithms currently used in NLP, see the article on pattern recognition. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Natural language processing) 13 28 0.8 3.6 1 3.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1297-chart-wp.html vle A virtual learning environment (VLE) is a system designed to support teaching and learning in an educational setting, as distinct from a Managed Learning Environment (MLE), where the focus is on management.A VLE will normally work over the Internet and provide a collection of tools such as those for assessment (particularly of types that can be marked automatically, such as multiple choice), communication, uploading of content, return of students' work, peer assessment, administration of student groups, collecting and organizing student grades, questionnaires, tracking tools, etc. New features in these systems include wikis, blogs, RSS and 3D virtual learning spaces. VLEs are often used in schools and other educational establishments in order to make the learning experience more interactive. While originally created for distance education, VLEs are now most often used to supplement traditional face to face classroom activities, commonly known as Blended Learning. These systems usually run on servers, to serve the course to students Multimedia and/or web pages. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Virtual learning environment) 67 253 3.9 1.2 3 3.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3577-chart-wp.html skos Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) is a family of formal languages designed for representation of thesauri, classification schemes, taxonomies, subject-heading systems, or any other type of structured controlled vocabulary. SKOS is built upon RDF and RDFS, and its main objective is to enable easy publication of controlled structured vocabularies for the Semantic Web. SKOS is currently developed within the W3C framework. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SKOS) 11 28 0.6 3.6 1 3.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6069-chart-wp.html ulcc The University of London Computer Centre (ULCC) was founded in 1968, and was the first supercomputer facility established in London for the purpose of scientific and educational research by all of the colleges of the University of London. ULCC initially provided large-scale CDC-based facilities, then from 1982 to 1991 a national Cray vector supercomputing service, and, latterly, a 6 processor, 4 Gbyte Convex C3860 supercomputer with a Convex C3200 front-end. ULCC also became a major site for national and international network connections in the UK. It ran the Network Operations and Service Centre for the JANET Internet Protocol Service (JIPS) (the largest of the JANET network centres) and various international links and relays on behalf of UKERNA. Since the closure of its supercomputer service in the 1990s, ULCC has focused on providing IT services across the educational and public sector, as well as undertaking research work in fields such as digital preservation and e-learning. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of London Computing Centre) 15 29 0.9 3.4 1 3.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3429-chart-wp.html nhs The National Health Service (NHS) is the shared name of three of the four publicly funded healthcare systems in the United Kingdom. The systems are primarily funded through general taxation rather than requiring insurance payments, and were founded in 1948. They provide a comprehensive range of health services, the vast majority of which are free at the point of use to residents of the United Kingdom. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: National Health Service) 57 119 3.3 1.7 2 3.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15096-chart-wp.html web browser A web browser or Internet browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to easily navigate their browsers to related resources. Although browsers are primarily intended to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by Web servers in private networks or files in file systems. Some browsers can also be used to save information resources to file systems. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: web browser) 154 284 9 1.1 3 3.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/38-chart-wp.html apple Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs and markets consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers. The company's best-known hardware products include the Macintosh line of computers, the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad. Apple software includes the Mac OS X operating system; the iTunes media browser; the iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software; the iWork suite of productivity software; Aperture, a professional photography package; Final Cut Studio, a suite of professional audio and film-industry software products; Logic Studio, a suite of music production tools; the Safari internet browser; and iOS, a mobile operating system. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Apple) 57 126 3.3 1.6 2 3.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1419-chart-wp.html namespace In general, a namespace is a container that provides context for the identifiers (names, or technical terms, or words) it holds, what allows the disambiguation of homonym identifiers residing in different namespaces. For many programming languages, a namespace is a context for their identifiers. In an operating system, an example of namespace is a directory. Each name in a directory uniquely identifies one file or subdirectory, but one file may have the same name multiple times. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Namespace) 41 130 2.4 1.5 2 3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/151-chart-wp.html e-government E-Government (short for electronic government, also known as e-gov, digital government, online government, or connected government) is digital interactions between a government and citizens (G2C), government and businesses/Commerce (G2B), government and employees, and also between government and governments /agencies (G2G). Essentially, the e-Government delivery models can be briefly summed up as (Jeong, 2007): G2C (Government to Citizens); G2B (Government to Businesses); G2E (Government to Employees); G2G (Government to Governments). This digital interaction consists of governance, information and communication technology (ICT), business process re-engineering (BPR), and e-citizen at all levels of government (city, state/provence, national, and international). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: E-Government) 49 132 2.9 1.5 2 3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14189-chart-wp.html microsoft office Microsoft Office is a proprietary commercial office suite of inter-related desktop applications, servers and services for the Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X operating systems, introduced by Microsoft in 1989. Initially a marketing term for a bundled set of applications, the first version of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Over the years, Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a common spell checker, OLE data integration and Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications scripting language. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Microsoft Office) 23 33 1.3 3 1 3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13899-chart-wp.html programming language Computer programming (often shortened to programming or coding) is the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging / troubleshooting, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. This source code is written in a programming language. The purpose of programming is to create a program that exhibits a certain desired behavior. The process of writing source code often requires expertise in many different subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms and formal logic. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Computer programming) 25 35 1.5 2.9 1 2.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/174-chart-wp.html document format A document file format is a text or binary file format for storing documents on a storage media, especially for use by computers. There currently exist a multitude of incompatible document file formats. A rough consensus has been established that XML is to be the basis for future document file formats. Examples of XML-based open standards are DocBook, XHTML, and, more recently, the ISO/IEC standards OpenDocument (ISO 26300:2006) and Office Open XML (ISO 29500:2008). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Document format) 26 34 1.5 2.9 1 2.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1612-chart-wp.html becta Becta (formerly known as the British Educational Communications and Technology Agency) was a non-departmental public body (popularly known as a Quango)] funded by the Department for Children, Schools and Families, in the UK It was a charity and a company limited by guarantee. In the post-election spending review in May 2010, it was announced that Becta was to be abolished. The organisation went into liquidation in April 2011 following its funding from government ceasing in March 2011. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Becta) 23 35 1.3 2.9 1 2.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13696-chart-wp.html web portal A web portal or links page is a web site that function as a point of access to information on the World Wide Web. A portal presents information from diverse sources in a unified way. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Web portal) 21 35 1.2 2.9 1 2.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13666-chart-wp.html andrew w mellon foundation The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation of New York City and Princeton, New Jersey in the United States, is a private foundation with five core areas of interest, endowed with wealth accumulated by the late Andrew W. Mellon of the Mellon family of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is the product of the 1969 merger of the Avalon Foundation and the Old Dominion Foundation. These foundations were set up separately by Paul Mellon and Ailsa Mellon-Bruce, the children of Andrew W. Mellon. It is housed in the expanded former offices of the Bollingen Foundation in New York City, another educational philanthropy supported by Paul Mellon. Don Michael Randel is the Foundation's president. His predecessors have included William G. Bowen, John Edward Sawyer and Nathan Pusey. Randel is the former President of the University of Chicago. In 2004, the Foundation was awarded the National Medal of Arts. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Andrew W Mellon Foundation) 27 34 1.6 2.9 1 2.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14134-chart-wp.html solaris Solaris is a Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems. It superseded their earlier SunOS in 1993. Oracle Solaris, as it is now known, has been owned by Oracle Corporation since Oracle's acquisition of Sun in January 2010. Solaris is known for its scalability, especially on SPARC systems, and for originating many innovative features such as DTrace, ZFS and Time Slider. Solaris supports SPARC-based and x86-based workstations and servers from Sun and other vendors, with efforts underway to port to additional platforms. Solaris is registered as compliant with the Single Unix Specification. Solaris was historically developed as proprietary software, then in June 2005 Sun Microsystems released most of the codebase under the CDDL license, and founded the OpenSolaris open source project. With OpenSolaris Sun wanted to build a developer and user community around the software. After the acquisition of Sun Microsystems in January 2010, Oracle decided to discontinue the OpenSolaris distribution and the development model. As a result, the OpenSolaris community forked the OpenIndiana project, as part of the Illumos Foundation. However, starting with Solaris 11, updates to the Solaris source code will still be distributed under the CDDL license, after full binary releases are made . Oracle will also begin a technology partner program, called Oracle Technology Network (OTN), to permit their industry partners access to the in-development Solaris source code. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Solaris) 23 139 1.3 1.4 2 2.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1649-chart-wp.html cni The Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) is an organization whose mission is to promote networked information technology as a way to further the advancement of intellectual collaboration and productivity. It is a joint initiative of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) as well as EDUCAUSE. It was started in 1990, and its founding executive director, Paul Evan Peters, served until his death in 1996. Since then it has grown to include over 200 institutions which include both for-profit and non-profit members. It holds semi-annual conferences where its member organizations send representatives to discuss the current trends and activities of the networked information community. Its directors are also frequent contributors to scholarly journals in the information science field. It works on a consultative basis with many of its members: for instance, it is working with the Library of Congress in an effort to map out a National Digital Preservation Program. It also works with international members in countries such as England and Germany. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Coalition for Networked Information (CNI)) 50 146 2.9 1.4 2 2.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13044-chart-wp.html web standards Web standards is a general term for the formal standards and other technical specifications that define and describe aspects of the World Wide Web. In recent years, the term has been more frequently associated with the trend of endorsing a set of standardized best practices for building web sites, and a philosophy of web design and development that includes those methods. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Web standards) 20 37 1.2 2.7 1 2.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2107-chart-wp.html document management A document management system (DMS) is a computer system (or set of computer programs) used to track and store electronic documents and/or images of paper documents. It is usually also capable of keeping track of the different versions created by different users (history tracking). The term has some overlap with the concepts of content management systems. It is often viewed as a component of enterprise content management (ECM) systems and related to digital asset management, document imaging, workflow systems and records management systems. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Document management system) 20 40 1.2 2.5 1 2.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1486-chart-wp.html handle system The Handle System is a technology specification for assigning, managing, and resolving persistent identifiers for digital objects and other resources on the Internet. The protocols specified enable a distributed computer system to store identifiers (names, or handles), of digital resources and resolve those handles into the information necessary to locate, access, and otherwise make use of the resources. That information can be changed as needed to reflect the current state and/or location of the identified resource without changing the handle. The Handle System was developed by Bob Kahn, co-inventor of the TCP/IP protocols that underlie the operation of the Internet, with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), which continues to develop and manage it. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Handle system) 15 40 0.9 2.5 1 2.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2029-chart-wp.html free software Free software, software libre or libre software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with minimal restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things and that manufacturers of consumer-facing hardware allow user modifications to their hardware. Free software is generally available without charge, but can have a fee, such as in the form of charging for CDs or other distribution medium among other ways. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Free software) 26 42 1.5 2.4 1 2.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/110-chart-wp.html iphone The iPhone is a line of Internet and multimedia-enabled smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first iPhone was unveiled on January 9, 2007, and released on June 29, 2007. Steve Jobs, head of Apple announced iPhone to the world in San Francisco, California at the Moscone Center. An iPhone can function as a video camera, camera phone with text messaging and visual voicemail, a portable media player, and an Internet client with e-mail, web browsing, and both Wi-Fi and 3G connectivity. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: IPhone) 15 42 0.9 2.4 1 2.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9753-chart-wp.html university of essex The University of Essex is a British campus university with the original and largest campus located near the town of Colchester, England. Established in 1963 and receiving its Royal Charter in 1965. It now consists of 18 main teaching departments and 36 centres and institutes in a wide range of subject areas, including the fields of human rights, law & government. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Essex) 30 42 1.8 2.4 1 2.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13728-chart-wp.html research information network The Research Information Network completed its work as a publicly-funded research and policy unit. On 31 December 2011, the block grant provided to the RIN by its consortium of funders (the UK higher education funding councils, the seven research councils and the three national libraries) came to an end, and the RIN ceased to exist in the form that it had taken since 2005. On 1 January 2012, the RIN was launched as a new venture, a community interest company that undertakes research and analysis, as well as facilitation and coordination, with the aim of improving accessibility, availability and understanding of research information resources and services; and promoting the development of effective policies and strategies for the benefit of researchers and all those interested in their findings. (Excerpt from this source) 21 44 1.2 2.3 1 2.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15928-chart-wp.html university of chicago The University of Chicago (U of C, UC, UChicago, or simply Chicago) is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It was founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller and incorporated in 1890. William Rainey Harper became the university's first president, in 1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. It has a reputation of devotion to academic scholarship and intellectualism and is affiliated with scores of Rhodes Scholars and 85 Nobel Prize laureates. The University is considered an "Ivy Plus" institution, denoting a school that competes academically among Ivy League universities (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Chicago) 15 43 0.9 2.3 1 2.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14131-chart-wp.html soap SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks. It relies on Extensible Markup Language (XML) for its message format, and usually relies on other Application Layer protocols, most notably Remote Procedure Call (RPC) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), for message negotiation and transmission. SOAP can form the foundation layer of a web services protocol stack, providing a basic messaging framework upon which web services can be built. This XML based protocol consists of three parts: an envelope, which defines what is in the message and how to process it, a set of encoding rules for expressing instances of application-defined datatypes, and a convention for representing procedure calls and responses. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SOAP) 40 181 2.3 1.1 2 2.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2065-chart-wp.html national science foundation The National Science Foundation (NSF) is a United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health. With an annual budget of about US$6.87 billion (fiscal year 2010), the NSF funds approximately 20% of all federally supported basic research conducted by the United States' colleges and universities. In some fields, such as mathematics, computer science, economics and the social sciences, the NSF is the major source of federal backing. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: National Science Foundation) 35 48 2.1 2.1 1 2.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6-chart-wp.html arl The Association of Research Libraries is an organization of the leading research libraries in North America. As of October 2006, it comprises 123 libraries at comprehensive, research-intensive institutions in the US and Canada that share similar missions, aspirations, and achievements. ARL member libraries make up a large portion of the academic and research library marketplace, spending more than one billion dollars every year on library materials. The ARL Statistics and Measurement Program, through its annually published ARL Statistics, monitors the collections, expenditures, staffing, and services of member libraries of the Association. Statistics have been collected and published annually since 1961-62 and serve as indicators of the costs of serials and monographs as well as of the state of funding for research libraries. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Association of Research Libraries) 23 48 1.3 2.1 1 2.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12307-chart-wp.html nesli NESLi2 is the JISC Collections national initiative for licensing online journals on behalf of the higher and further education and research communities in the UK. NESLi2 was established in 2004 as a successor to earlier consortial initiatives that emerged with the arrival of online journals in the mid-1990s.The content from 17 leading scholarly publishers are covered by our NESLi2 agreements which typically span 1-3 years in duration and over 7,000 online journals are available to authorised users. Financial savings on the content purchased, as a result of focused negotiations by our staff, amounted to £13.5 million in 2010 and we estimate that NESLi2 has saved the community over £40 million since its inception in 2004. The content itself is made accessible directly from publishers' bespoke web platforms. (Excerpt from this source) 14 47 0.8 2.1 1 2.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14119-chart-wp.html dcmi The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) incorporated as an independent entity (separating from OCLC) in 2008 that provides an open forum for the development of interoperable online metadata standards for a broad range of purposes and of business models. DCMI's activities include consensus-driven working groups, global conferences and workshops, standards liaison, and educational efforts to promote widespread acceptance of metadata standards and practices. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Dublin Core Metadata Initiative) 33 196 1.9 1 2 2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4268-chart-wp.html electronic theses An Institutional repository is an online locus for collecting, preserving, and disseminating - in digital form - the intellectual output of an institution, particularly a research institution. For a university, this would include materials such as research journal articles, before (preprints) and after (postprints) undergoing peer review, and digital versions of theses and dissertations, but it might also include other digital assets generated by normal academic life, such as administrative documents, course notes, or learning objects. The four main objectives for having an institutional repository are: 1) to provide open access to institutional research output by self-archiving it; 2) to create global visibility for an institution's scholarly research; 3) to collect content in a single location; 4) to store and preserve other institutional digital assets, including unpublished or otherwise easily lost ("grey") literature (e.g., theses or technical reports). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Institutional repository) 26 51 1.5 2 1 2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13445-chart-wp.html soa Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a flexible set of design principles used during the phases of systems development and integration in computing. A system based on a SOA will package functionality as a suite of interoperable services that can be used within multiple, separate systems from several business domains. SOA also generally provides a way for consumers of services, such as web-based applications, to be aware of available SOA-based services. For example, several disparate departments within a company may develop and deploy SOA services in different implementation languages; their respective clients will benefit from a well understood, well defined interface to access them. XML is commonly used for interfacing with SOA services, though this is not required. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Service oriented architecture) 18 52 1.1 1.9 1 1.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4461-chart-wp.html dublin core metadata initiative The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) incorporated as an independent entity (separating from OCLC) in 2008 that provides an open forum for the development of interoperable online metadata standards for a broad range of purposes and of business models. DCMI's activities include consensus-driven working groups, global conferences and workshops, standards liaison, and educational efforts to promote widespread acceptance of metadata standards and practices. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Dublin Core Metadata Initiative) 41 59 2.4 1.7 1 1.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12363-chart-wp.html mobile phone A mobile phone (also called mobile, cellular telephone, cell phone, or hand phone (in Southeast Asian English)) is an electronic device used to make mobile telephone calls across a wide geographic area. Mobile phones are different from cordless telephones, which only offer telephone service within a limited range of a fixed land line, for example within a home or an office. A mobile phone can make and receive telephone calls to and from the public telephone network which includes other mobiles and fixed-line phones across the world. It does this by connecting to a cellular network owned by a mobile network operator. In addition to functioning as a telephone, a modern mobile phone typically supports additional services such as SMS (or text) messaging, MMS, e-mail and Internet access; short-range wireless (infrared or Bluetooth) communications; as well as business and gaming applications, and photography. Mobile phones that offer advanced computing abilities are referred to as smartphones. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Mobile phone) 38 63 2.2 1.6 1 1.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/46-chart-wp.html mets The Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) is a metadata standard for encoding descriptive, administrative, and structural metadata regarding objects within a digital library, expressed using the XML schema language of the World Wide Web Consortium. The standard is maintained in the Network Development and MARC Standards Office of the Library of Congress, and is being developed as an initiative of the Digital Library Federation. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS)) 25 61 1.5 1.6 1 1.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4979-chart-wp.html web development Web development (or web management) is a broad term for the work involved in developing a web site for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network). This can include web design, web content development, client liaison, client-side / server-side scripting, web server and network security configuration, and e-commerce development. However, among web professionals, "web development" usually refers to the main non-design aspects of building web sites: writing markup and coding. Web development can range from developing the simplest static single page of plain text to the most complex web-based internet applications, electronic businesses, or social network services. For larger organizations and businesses, web development teams can consist of hundreds of people (web developers). Smaller organizations may only require a single permanent or contracting webmaster, or secondary assignment to related job positions such as a graphic designer and/or information systems technician. Web development may be a collaborative effort between departments rather than the domain of a designated department. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Web development) 85 243 5 0.8 2 1.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16055-chart-wp.html university of york The University of York (informally York University, or simply York, occasionally abbreviated as Ebor. for post-nominals), is an academic institution located in the city of York, England. Established in 1963, the campus university has expanded to more than thirty departments and centres, covering a wide range of subjects. In 2003 it attracted the highest research income per capita of any UK university . The university has built a reputation in less than half a century that places it among the top 20 universities in Europe, and the top 90 universities in the world, according to the 2010 QS World University Rankings. In the last Research Assessment Exercise in 2008, York was also named as the 8th best research institution in the United Kingdom. The university was named Sunday Times university of the year in 2003 and Times Higher Education university of the year in 2010. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of York) 39 68 2.3 1.5 1 1.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1305-chart-wp.html wellcome library The Wellcome Library is founded on the collection formed by Sir Henry Wellcome (1853 ‐ 1936), whose personal wealth allowed him to create one of the most ambitious collections of the 20th century. Henry Wellcome's interest was the history of medicine in a broad sense and included subjects like alchemy or witchcraft, but also anthropology and ethnography. Since Henry Wellcome's death in 1936, the Wellcome Trust has been responsible for maintaining the Library's collection and funding its acquisitions. The Library is free and open to the public. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Wellcome Library) 21 68 1.2 1.5 1 1.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14931-chart-wp.html heriot-watt university Heriot-Watt University is a university based in Edinburgh, Scotland. The name commemorates George Heriot, the 16th century financier to King James, and James Watt, the great 18th century inventor and engineer. The university originated as the School of Arts of Edinburgh, founded in 1821 as the world's first Mechanics Institute. Heriot-Watt is the eighth-oldest higher education institution in the United Kingdom. The institution received its university charter in 1966 and is currently ranked 4th among the top five universities in Scotland (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Heriot-Watt University) 48 73 2.8 1.4 1 1.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13739-chart-wp.html wireless In telecommunications, wireless communication may be used to transfer information over short distances (a few meters as in television remote control) or long distances (thousands or millions of kilometers for radio communications). The term is often shortened to "wireless". It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units, garage door openers and or garage doors, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, satellite television and cordless telephones. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Wireless) 45 77 2.6 1.3 1 1.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/51-chart-wp.html de montfort university De Montfort University (informally De Montfort) is a public research and teaching university situated in the medieval Old Town of Leicester, England, adjacent to the River Soar and the Leicester Castle Gardens. 40% of the University's research was deemed 'world leading' or 'internationally excellent' in the United Kingdom Research Assessment Exercise, highlighting particular strength in English literature, where it equalled the University of Cambridge. The University has the second highest number of National Teaching Fellows of all UK universities. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: De Montfort University) 52 79 3 1.3 1 1.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12519-chart-wp.html z39.50 Z39.50 is a client-server protocol for searching and retrieving information from remote computer databases. It is covered by ANSI/NISO standard Z39.50, and ISO standard 23950. The standard's maintenance agency is the Library of Congress. Z39.50 is widely used in library environments and is often incorporated into integrated library systems and personal bibliographic reference software. Interlibrary catalogue searches for interlibrary loan are often implemented with Z39.50 queries. Work on the Z39.50 protocol began in the 1970s, and led to successive versions in 1988, 1992, 1995 and 2003. The Common Query Language is based on Z39.50 semantics. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Z39.50) 157 686 9.2 0.4 3 1.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1213-chart-wp.html oai-ore Open Archives Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange (OAI-ORE) defines standards for the description and exchange of aggregations of Web resources. The OAI-ORE specification implements the ORE Model which introduces the Resource Map (ReM) that makes it possible to associate an identity with aggregations of resources and make assertions about their structure and semantics. These aggregations (sometimes called compound digital objects or compound information objects) may combine distributed resources together, and with multiple media types including text, images, data, and video. The goal of OAI-ORE is to expose the rich content in aggregations to applications that support authoring, deposit, exchange, visualization, reuse, and preservation. OAI-ORE is funded by the Mellon Foundation. Version 1.0 of the specification was released on 17 October 2008. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: OAI-ORE) 14 80 0.8 1.2 1 1.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13932-chart-wp.html university of london The University of London is a federal university made up of 31 affiliates: 19 separate university institutions, and 12 research institutes. As such, the University of London is the largest university in the UK by number of full-time students, with 135,090 campus-based students and over 50,000 in the University of London International Programmes. The university was first established by a Royal Charter in 1836, which brought together in federation London University (now University College London) and King's College (now King's College London), to establish today's federally-structured University of London. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of London) 72 91 4.2 1.1 1 1.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13735-chart-wp.html tasi The Technical Advisory Service for Images (TASI) provides advice to the United Kingdom's Further Education (FE) and Higher Education (HE) communities in the creation and use of digital images. Its services include a Web site , helpdesk, training programme , and mailing list . TASI is funded by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) and based within the Institute for Learning and Research Technology (ILRT) of the University of Bristol. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: TASI) 28 93 1.6 1.1 1 1.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12236-chart-wp.html java Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which is now a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode (class file) that can run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture. Java is a general-purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-oriented language that is specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers "write once, run anywhere". Java is currently one of the most popular programming languages in use, and is widely used from application software to web applications. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Java) 152 441 8.9 0.5 2 1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/26-chart-wp.html national library A national library is a library specifically established by the government of a country to serve as the preeminent repository of information for that country. Unlike public libraries, these rarely allow citizens to borrow books. Often, they include numerous rare, valuable, or significant works. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: National library) 162 369 9.5 0.5 2 1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1176-chart-wp.html unicode Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. Developed in conjunction with the Universal Character Set standard and published in book form as The Unicode Standard, the latest version of Unicode consists of a repertoire of more than 109,000 characters covering 93 scripts, a set of code charts for visual reference, an encoding methodology and set of standard character encodings, an enumeration of character properties such as upper and lower case, a set of reference data computer files, and a number of related items, such as character properties, rules for normalization, decomposition, collation, rendering, and bidirectional display order (for the correct display of text containing both right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic and Hebrew, and left-to-right scripts). As of 2011, the most recent major revision of Unicode is Unicode 6.0. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Unicode) 15 100 0.9 1 1 1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1666-chart-wp.html oai The Open Archives Initiative (OAI) is an attempt to build a "low-barrier interoperability framework" for archives (institutional repositories) containing digital content (digital libraries). It allows people (Service Providers) to harvest metadata (from Data Providers). This metadata is used to provide "value-added services", often by combining different data sets. Initially, the initiative has been involved in the development of a technological framework and interoperability standards specifically for enhancing access to e-print archives, in order to increase the availability of scholarly communication; OAI is, therefore, closely related to the Open access publishing movement. However, the developed technology and standards are applicable in a much broader domain than scholarly publishing alone. The OAI technical infrastructure, specified in the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH), currently in version 2.0, defines a mechanism for data providers to expose their metadata. This protocol mandates that individual archives map their metadata to the Dublin Core, a simple and common metadata set for this purpose. In other words, the relation of OAI compatibility to Dublin Core is that OAI standards allow a common way to provide content, and part of those standards is that the content has metadata that describes the items in Dublin Core format. OAI has recently begun work on the Object Reuse and Exchange (OAI-ORE) project which defines standards for the description and exchange of aggregations of Web resources. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Open Archives Initiative) 151 491 8.8 0.4 2 0.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4071-chart-wp.html foaf FOAF (an acronym of Friend of a friend) is a machine-readable ontology describing persons, their activities and their relations to other people and objects. Anyone can use FOAF to describe him or herself. FOAF allows groups of people to describe social networks without the need for a centralised database. FOAF is a descriptive vocabulary expressed using the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL). Computers may use these FOAF profiles to find, for example, all people living in Europe, or to list all people both you and a friend of yours know. This is accomplished by defining relationships between people. Each profile has a unique identifier (such as the person's e-mail addresses, a Jabber ID, or a URI of the homepage or weblog of the person), which is used when defining these relationships. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: FOAF) 10 122 0.6 0.8 1 0.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5337-chart-wp.html zetoc The Zetoc service provides Z39.50-compliant access to the British Library's Electronic Table of Contents (ETOC). The database gives access to over 27,000 journals, 40 million article citations and conference papers. Zetoc covers every imaginable subject in science, technology, medicine, engineering, business, law, finance, the arts and humanities. The database covers the years from 1993 to date and is updated daily. A list of journal titles covered by Zetoc also provides the ISSN, latest issue and date loaded. (Excerpt from this source) 21 129 1.2 0.8 1 0.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13319-chart-wp.html university college london University College London (UCL) is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom and the oldest and largest constituent college of the federal University of London. Founded in 1826, UCL was the first university institution to be founded in London and the first in England to be established on an entirely secular basis, to admit students regardless of their religion and to admit women on equal terms with men. UCL became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London in 1836. UCL is organised into eight constituent faculties, within which there are over 100 departments, institutes and research centres. UCL's main campus is located in the Bloomsbury area of Central London, with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals located elsewhere in Central London. The UCL School of Energy and Resources is based in Adelaide, Australia. UCL is a major centre for biomedical research; it is part of three of the 11 biomedical research centres established by the NHS in England and is a founding member of UCL Partners, the largest academic health science centre in Europe. For the period 1999 to 2009 it was the 13th most-cited university in the world (and the most-cited in Europe). UCL had a total income of £762 million in 2009/10, of which £275 million was from research grants and contracts. UCL is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association, the G5, the League of European Research Universities, the Russell Group, UNICA and Universities UK. It forms part of the 'Golden Triangle' of British universities. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University College London) 69 143 4 0.7 1 0.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13733-chart-wp.html ftp File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet. FTP is built on a client-server architecture and utilizes separate control and data connections between the client and server. FTP users may authenticate themselves using a clear-text sign-in protocol but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it. The first FTP client applications were interactive command-line tools, implementing standard commands and syntax. Graphical user interface clients have since been developed for many of the popular desktop operating systems in use today. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: FTP) 76 147 4.5 0.7 1 0.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12776-chart-wp.html d-lib magazine D-Lib Magazine is an on-line magazine dedicated to digital library research and development. Current and past issues are available free of charge. The publication is financially supported by contributions from the D-Lib Alliance. Prior to April 2006, the magazine was sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) on behalf of the Digital Libraries Initiative and by the National Science Foundation (NSF). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: D-Lib Alliance) 91 165 5.3 0.6 1 0.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14070-chart-wp.html thesaurus A thesaurus is a reference work that lists words grouped together according to similarity of meaning (containing synonyms and sometimes antonyms), in contrast to a dictionary, which contains definitions and pronunciations. In Information Science, Library Science, and Information Technology, specialized thesauri are designed for information retrieval. They are a type of controlled vocabulary, for indexing or tagging purposes. Such a thesaurus can be used as the basis of an index for online material. The Art and Architecture Thesaurus, for example, is used to index the Canadian Information retrieval thesauri are formally organized so that existing relationships between concepts are made explicit. As a result, they are more complex than simpler controlled vocabularies such as authority lists and synonym rings. Each term is placed in context, allowing a user to distinguish between "bureau" the office and "bureau" the furniture. Following international standards, they are generally arranged hierarchically by themes, topics or facets. Unlike a literary thesaurus, these specialized thesauri typically focus on one discipline, subject or field of study. In information technology, a thesaurus represents a database or list of semantically orthogonal topical search keys. In the field of Artificial Intelligence, a thesaurus may sometimes be referred to as an ontology. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Thesaurus) 79 207 4.6 0.5 1 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/100-chart-wp.html personalisation Personalization involves using technology to accommodate the differences between individuals. Once confined mainly to the Web, it is increasingly becoming a factor in education, health care (i.e. personalized medicine), television, and in both "business to business" and "business to consumer" settings. Web pages are personalized based on the characteristics (interests, social category, context, ...) of an individual. Personalization implies that the changes are based on implicit data, such as items purchased or pages viewed. The term customization is used instead when the site only uses explicit data such as ratings or preferences. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Personalisation) 79 208 4.6 0.5 1 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2807-chart-wp.html frbr Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) is a conceptual entity-relationship model developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) that relates user tasks of retrieval and access in online library catalogues and bibliographic databases from a user's perspective. It represents a more holistic approach to retrieval and access as the relationships between the entities provide links to navigate through the hierarchy of relationships. The model is significant because it is separate from specific cataloguing standards such as AACR2 or International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Functional_Requirements_for_Bibliographic_Records) 37 201 2.2 0.5 1 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3624-chart-wp.html hypertext The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a networking protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. The standards development of HTTP has been coordinated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), culminating in the publication of a series of Requests for Comments (RFCs), most notably RFC 2616 (June 1999), which defines HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: HTTP) 115 280 6.7 0.4 1 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1193-chart-wp.html cd-rom A CD-ROM (acronym of "Compact Disc Read-only memory") is a pre-pressed compact disc that contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback. The 1985 'Yellow Book' standard developed by Sony and Philips adapted the format to hold any form of binary data. CD-ROMs are popularly used to distribute computer software, including video games and multimedia applications, though any data can be stored (up to the capacity limit of a disc). Some CDs hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, while data (such as software or digital video) is only usable on a computer (such as ISO 9660 format PC CD-ROMs). These are called enhanced CDs. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: CD-ROM) 93 227 5.4 0.4 1 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13195-chart-wp.html intute Intute is a free Web service aimed at students, teachers, and researchers in UK further education and higher education. Intute provides access to online resources, via a large database of resources. Each resource is reviewed by an academic specialist in the subject, who writes a short review of between 100 to 200 words, and describes via various metadata fields (such as which subject discipline(s) it will be useful to) what type of resource it is, who created it, who its intended audience is, what time-period or geographical area the resource covers, and so on. In July 2010 Intute provided 123,519 records. Intute's Faq says : "Following Intute's closure in July 2011, the website will remain available for three years. However the site will not be maintained or updated, and no additional resources will be added". (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Intute) 28 289 1.6 0.3 1 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14947-chart-wp.html application profile In computer science, an application profile is a set of metadata elements, policies, and guidelines defined for a particular application. The elements may be from one or more element sets, thus allowing a given application to meet its functional requirements by using metadata from several element sets including locally defined sets. For example, a given application might choose a subset of the Dublin Core that meets its needs, or may include elements from the Dublin Core, another element set, and several locally defined elements, all combined in a single schema. An application profile is not complete without documentation that defines the policies and best practices appropriate to the application. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Application profile) 54 478 3.2 0.2 1 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3679-chart-wp.html elib The Electronic Libraries programme (eLib) resulted from the recommendations in chapter 7 of the Joint Funding Councils' Libraries Review Group, chaired by Sir Brian Follett. This Group reviewed libraries and related provision in higher education in the UK, and was commissioned jointly by the four UK HE funding bodies, HEFCE, SHEFC, HEFCW and DENI. Its report (known as the Follett report) was published in December 1993. The programme had £15,000,000 of funding over three years. The aim of eLib was to 'transform the use and storage of knowledge in higher education institutions'. It was managed by the JISC's Committee on Electronic Information, though the JISC committee which was set up initially to take forward the Follett recommendation was the Follett Implementation Group for Information Technology, FIGIT. Phase 3 was designed to build on successes and to have four components: 1) hybrid libraries; 2) large scale resource discovery, or clumps; 3) preservation; 4) turning early projects into services. An (unmaintained) archive of eLib programme and project information can currently be found on the UKOLN website. (Excerpt from this source) 312 964 18.3 0.1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12515-chart-wp.html ilrt Institute for Learning & Research Technology (ILRT), based at the University of Bristol, has expertise in web standards and technologies, turning abstract technical developments into practical tools and applications. ILRT also has a strong track record in project management, training and consultancy. (Excerpt from this source) 62 127 3.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13-chart-wp.html mymobilebristol Develop pilot information-exchange standards and an existing software approach for scenarios. The project will produce a case study report describing and critially analysing the success of the online collaborative workspace that will be developed for MyMobileBristol Project start date: 2010-06-28. Project end date: 2010-07-01. (Excerpt from this source) 2 18 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14-chart-wp.html mobile campus assistant The Placement Learning and Assessment Toolkit project acknowledges that practice-based learning and the mentoring process would be improved with tools which allowed on-the-spot entry of results of assessments, such that feedback was given and follow-up actions were decided immediately. The project aims to provide a mobile learning toolkit to support practice-based learning, mentoring, and assessment, and to add mobile assessment tools to the e-framework. The project will develop a 'back office' infrastructure to support the deployment of the proposed toolkit and two selected tools. Phase 1 development comprises toolkit analysis, design, and implementation, followed by pilot and evaluation within a simulated environment based in the School of Nursing and Midwifery. Phases 2 and 3 involve the application and implementation of the toolkit within real clinical contexts associated with the University of Southampton Foundation Degree in Health and Social Care located within the Health Care Innovation Unit, Thames Valley University, and Bournemouth and Poole College. Phase 3 is funded entirely by the partner institutions, following the first two years which are partially JISC-funded. Project start date: 2006-09-01. Project end date: 2009-08-01. (Excerpt from this source) 3 9 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/25-chart-wp.html web futures The Web Futures group at ILRT undertakes research and development projects in the areas of social software, data visualisation, semantic web, linked data, access control and mobile technologies. The group comprises of senior technical researchers who have been working with innovative, leading edge technologies over many years. (Excerpt from this source) 5 10 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/27-chart-wp.html sparql SPARQL (pronounced "sparkle") is an RDF query language; its name is a recursive acronym that stands for SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language. It was standardized by the RDF Data Access Working Group (DAWG) of the World Wide Web Consortium, and is considered a key semantic web technology. On 15 January 2008, SPARQL became an official W3C Recommendation. SPARQL allows for a query to consist of triple patterns, conjunctions, disjunctions, and optional patterns. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SPARQL) 10 35 0.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/37-chart-wp.html georgia institute of technology The Georgia Institute of Technology (commonly called Georgia Tech, Tech, and GT) is a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States. It is a part of the University System of Georgia and has satellite campuses in Savannah, Georgia; Metz, France; Athlone, Ireland; Shanghai, China; and Singapore. The educational institution was founded in 1885 as the Georgia School of Technology as part of Reconstruction plans to build an industrial economy in the post-Civil War Southern United States. Initially, it offered only a degree in mechanical engineering. By 1901, its curriculum had expanded to include electrical, civil, and chemical engineering. In 1948, the school changed its name to reflect its evolution from a trade school to a larger and more capable technical institute and research university. Today, Georgia Tech is organized into six colleges and contains about 31 departments/units, with a strong emphasis on science and technology. It is well recognized for its degree programs in engineering, computing, management, the sciences, architecture, and liberal arts. Tech is consistently ranked as one of the top 10 public universities in the nation and is a member of the prestigious Association of American Universities. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Georgia Institute of Technology) 13 33 0.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14077-chart-wp.html bsd Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD, sometimes called Berkeley Unix) is a UNIX operating system derivative developed and distributed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) of the University of California, Berkeley, from 1977 to 1995. Historically, BSD has been considered a branch of UNIX - "BSD UNIX", because it shared the initial codebase and design with the original AT&T UNIX operating system. In the 1980s, BSD was widely adopted by vendors of workstation-class systems in the form of proprietary UNIX variants such as DEC ULTRIX and Sun Microsystems SunOS. This can be attributed to the ease with which it could be licensed, and the familiarity it found among the founders of many technology companies of this era. Though these proprietary BSD derivatives were largely superseded by the UNIX System V Release 4 and OSF/1 systems in the 1990s (both of which incorporated BSD code), later BSD releases provided a basis for several open source development projects that continue to this day. Today, the term "BSD" is often non-specifically used to refer to any of these BSD descendants, e.g., FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD or DragonFly, which together form a branch of the family of Unix-like operating systems. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: BSD) 6 7 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/68-chart-wp.html mca The Mobile Campus Assistant project will make existing campus-related information available to University of Bristol students via their mobiles and location-aware smart phones. By building a prototype, open source mobile smart phone application and a mobile-specific web site the project aims to provide students on the move with a demonstration 'where is my nearest...' service, combining up-to-date information from campus sources (e.g. public PC and room availability, wireless hotspots, directions, timetables) with external public data and services including Google maps and City transport timetables. Project start date: 2009-06-01. Project end date: 2009-11-30. (Excerpt from this source) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/82-chart-wp.html urn A Uniform Resource Name (URN) is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that uses the urn scheme, and does not imply availability of the identified resource. Both URNs (names) and URLs (locators) are URIs, and a particular URI may be a name and a locator at the same time. The Functional Requirements for Uniform Resource Names are described in RFC 1737. The URNs are part of a larger Internet information architecture which is composed of URNs, Uniform Resource Characteristics (URCs), and Uniform Resource Locators (URLs). Each plays a specific role: URNs are used for identification; URCs for including meta-information; URLs for locating or finding resources. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Uniform Resource Name) 16 135 0.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/83-chart-wp.html tei The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) is a text-centric community of practice in the academic field of digital humanities. The community runs a mailing list, meetings and conference series, and maintains a technical standard, a wiki and a toolset. The Guidelines define some 500 different textual components and concepts (word, sentence, character, glyph, person, etc), which can be expressed using a markup language and defined by a DTD or XML schema. Early versions of the Guidelines used SGML as a means of expression; more recently XML has been adopted. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: TEI DTD) 19 108 1.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/86-chart-wp.html stylesheet Web style sheets are a form of separation of presentation and content for web design in which the markup (i.e., HTML or XHTML) of a webpage contains the page's semantic content and structure, but does not define its visual layout (style). Instead, the style is defined in an external stylesheet file using a style sheet language such as CSS or XSL. This design approach is identified as a "separation" because it largely supersedes the antecedent methodology in which a page's markup defined both style and structure. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Stylesheet) 19 38 1.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/87-chart-wp.html xslt XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) is a declarative, XML-based language used for the transformation of XML documents. The original document is not changed; rather, a new document is created based on the content of an existing one. The new document may be serialized (output) by the processor in standard XML syntax or in another format, such as HTML or plain text. XSLT is most often used to convert data between different XML schemas or to convert XML data into web pages or PDF documents. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: XSLT) 30 88 1.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/90-chart-wp.html safari Safari is a graphical web browser developed by Apple Inc. and included as part of the Mac OS X operating system. First released as a public beta on January 7, 2003 on the company's Mac OS X operating system, it became Apple's default browser beginning with Mac OS X v10.3 "Panther". Safari is also the native browser for iOS. A version of Safari for the Microsoft Windows operating system, first released on June 11, 2007, supports Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7. The latest stable release of the browser is 5.0.5, which is available as a free download for both Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows. As of 2011, Safari is the fourth most widely used browser in the US, following Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and Google Chrome, respectively. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Safari) 9 10 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/115-chart-wp.html kingston university Kingston University (informally Kingston) is a public research university located in Kingston upon Thames, southwest London, United Kingdom. It was originally founded in 1899 as Kingston Technical Institute, a polytechnic, and became a university in 1992. Campuses are located in Kingston and Roehampton. There is a range of undergraduate and postgraduate work spread across seven faculties, as well as some further education provisions. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Kingston University) 7 10 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/133-chart-wp.html hharp The Historic Hospital Admission Registers Project (HHARP) is the result of a partnership between Kingston University's Centre for Local History Studies and various hospital archives in London and Glasgow. It began life in 2001 as a project to create a database of late 19th and early 20th century admissions to the Hospital for Sick Children, whose extensive archive is still maintained and housed within the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust. Subsequently, the project was expanded to include three other children's hospitals: the Evelina Hospital (now part of Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Trust), whose records are held at the London Metropolitan Archives; the Alexandra Hospital for Children with Hip Disease (records held at the Museum and Archive Department of St Bartholomew's and the London NHS Trust) and the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, whose records are held by the hospital. Funding for the project came principally from the Research Resources in Medical History Programme of the Wellcome Trust, with additional financial support from the Friends of Great Ormond Street Hospital, the Nuffield Foundation and the History Research Unit at Kingston University. The Great Ormond Street database was completed and made available in 2007, the databases for the Evelina and the Alexandra Hospital for Children with Hip Disease were made available in early 2010, while that for Glasgow was completed in September 2010. (Excerpt from this source) 1 4 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/134-chart-wp.html homer multitext The Homer Multitext project, the first of its kind in Homeric studies, seeks to present the textual transmission of the Iliad and Odyssey in a historical framework. Such a framework is needed to account for the full reality of a complex medium of oral performance that underwent many changes over a long period of time. These changes, as reflected in the many texts of Homer, need to be understood in their many different historical contexts. The Homer Multitext provides ways to view these contexts both synchronically and diachronically. Using technology that takes advantage of the best available practices and open source standards that have been developed for digital publications in a variety of fields, the Homer Multitext offers free access to a library of texts and images, a machine-interface to that library and its indices, and tools to allow readers to discover and engage with the Homeric tradition. (Excerpt from this source) 2 11 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/149-chart-wp.html xsl In computing, the term Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) is used to refer to a family of languages used to transform and render XML documents. Historically, the XSL Working Group in W3C produced a draft specification under the name XSL, which eventually split into three parts: 1) XSL Transformation (XSLT) is an XML language for transforming XML documents. 2) XSL Formatting Objects (XSL-FO) is an XML language for specifying the visual formatting of an XML document. 3) XML Path Language (XPath) is a non-XML language used by XSLT, and also available for use in non-XSLT contexts, for addressing the parts of an XML document. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: XSL) 16 44 0.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/150-chart-wp.html openoffice OpenOffice.org, commonly known as OOo or OpenOffice, is an open-source application suite whose main components are for word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, graphics, and databases. It is available for a number of different computer operating systems, is distributed as free software and is written using its own GUI toolkit. It supports the ISO/IEC standard OpenDocument Format (ODF) for data interchange as its default file format, as well as Microsoft Office formats among others. As of November 2009, OpenOffice.org supports over 110 languages. As free software, users are free to download, modify, use and distribute OpenOffice.org. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: OpenOffice) 9 12 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/152-chart-wp.html jena Jena is an open source Semantic Web framework for Java. It provides an API to extract data from and write to RDF graphs. The graphs are represented as an abstract "model". A model can be sourced with data from files, databases, URLs or a combination of these. A Model can also be queried through SPARQL and updated through SPARUL. Jena is similar to Sesame; though, unlike Sesame, Jena provides support for OWL (Web Ontology Language). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Jena) 5 12 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/155-chart-wp.html web app A web app is an application that uses technologies such as Javascript, CSS, and HTML5 and is executed in a web browser. Developers release their applications as web apps because of the larger flexibility of the format. The application can be run directly from a website, or, if it uses the HTML 5 Offline Application Cache and Web Storage, can be downloaded and installed locally, for offline use. Some web apps use the W3C Geolocation API to determine the location of the browser. The term web app is often applied to applications developed for Apple's Mobile Safari browser, but other modern browsers are also able to execute web apps. Web apps have been used to circumvent the restrictions Apple puts on iPhone applications sold through its App Store. For example, the Google Voice, Google Latitude and various porn applications have been released as web apps for this reason. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Web app) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/158-chart-wp.html ordnance survey Ordnance Survey, an executive agency and non-ministerial government department of the Government of the United Kingdom, is the national mapping agency for Great Britain, producing maps of Great Britain (and to an extent, the Isle of Man), and one of the world's largest producers of maps. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Ordnance Survey) 15 27 0.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/159-chart-wp.html cclrc The Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (CCLRC) was a UK government body that carried out civil research in science and engineering. The CCLRC was created on 1 April 1995 as a non-departmental public body from the laboratories of the previous Science and Engineering Research Council including 1942 staff and an annual turnover of £106 million which had temporarily been controlled by the EPSRC. It operated at three locations: Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, near Didcot in Oxfordshire, incorporating the ISIS neutron source; Daresbury Laboratory. at Daresbury in Cheshire; Chilbolton Observatory, near Stockbridge in Hampshire. The Diamond Light Source, was developed by the CCLRC at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and established as an independent company. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: CCLRC) 9 17 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15926-chart-wp.html ept The Electronic Publishing Trust for Development (EPT) was established in 1996 to facilitate open access to the world's scholarly literature and to support the electronic publication of reviewed bioscience journals from countries experiencing difficulties with traditional publication. Scientists and publishers in many countries face problems both in accessing the world's research information and in gaining high visibility for their publications and national research output. The cost of printing and distributing journals leads to low circulation levels which in turn leads to a reluctance by scientists to publish. The outcome is the loss of much important scientific information which either remains unavailable to the international scientific community or suffers long delays in publication. The transfer of e-publishing technology and online distribution of such journals can greatly increase visibility and enrich the global knowledge base. (Excerpt from this source) 2 11 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15946-chart-wp.html college of new jersey The College of New Jersey, abbreviated TCNJ, is a public, coeducational university located in Ewing Township, New Jersey, a suburb of Trenton. TCNJ was established in 1855 by an act of the New Jersey Legislature. The institution was the first normal school in the state of New Jersey and the fifth in the United States. Originally located in Trenton proper, the college was moved to its present location in adjacent Ewing Township during the early to mid-1930s. Since its inception, TCNJ has undergone several name changes, the most recent being the 1996 change to its current name, from Trenton State College. Much of TCNJ is built in Georgian colonial architecture style on 289 tree-lined acres. TCNJ is a highly selective institution, with a mission to keep New Jersey's most talented students in-state for higher education. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: College of New Jersey) 2 3 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15949-chart-wp.html rutgers university Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (usually referred to as Rutgers University or just Rutgers), is the largest institution for higher education in New Jersey, United States. It was originally chartered as Queen's College in 1766. It is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine Colonial colleges founded before the American Revolution. Rutgers was originally a private university affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church and admitted only male students, but evolved into a coeducational public research university. Rutgers is one of only two colonial colleges that later became public universities, the other being The College of William and Mary. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Rutgers University) 6 6 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15951-chart-wp.html new mexico state university New Mexico State University at Las Cruces (officially New Mexico State University, although also commonly referred to as NMSU-Las Cruces, NMSU, or NM State), is a major land-grant university in Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States. It is the second largest four year university in the state in terms of total enrollment across all campuses as of 2011, It also has campuses in Alamogordo, Carlsbad, Doña Ana County, and Grants, with extension and research centers across New Mexico (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: New Mexico State University) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15956-chart-wp.html netherlands institute for sound and vision The Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision looks after, and provides access to 70% of the Dutch audio-visual heritage. In total, around 800,000 hours of television, radio, music and film; making Sound and Vision one of the largest audiovisual archives in Europe. Sound and Vision is the business archive of the national broadcasting corporations, a cultural heritage institute (providing access to students and the general public) and also a museum for its visitors. The digital television production workflow and massive digitization efforts break grounds for new services. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Netherlands Institute for sound and vision) 1 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15959-chart-wp.html goettingen state and university library The Goettingen State and University Library is the library for Goettingen University as well as the central library for the German State of Lower Saxony (with its central catalogue), and the library for the Goettingen Academy of Sciences. It also houses the Goettinger Digitalisierungszentrum (Center for Retrospective Digitization), the GBV regional library consortium offices, and numerous projects in librarianship and related fields as well as providing such online services as its virtual library and vascoda. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Goettingen State and University Library) 4 4 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15942-chart-wp.html institute for product development IPU offers public and private companies highly qualified process and product development, consultancy assistance, and collaboration with experts in the fields of central engineering and communication technologies. (Excerpt from this source) 1 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15939-chart-wp.html opendocument The Open Document Format for Office Applications (also known as OpenDocument or ODF) is an XML-based file format for representing electronic documents such as spreadsheets, charts, presentations and word processing documents. While the specifications were originally developed by Sun Microsystems, the standard was developed by the OASIS Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) TC - OASIS ODF TC, committee of the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) consortium and based on the XML format originally created and implemented by the OpenOffice.org office suite (see OpenOffice.org XML). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: OpenDocument presentation) 3 3 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15871-chart-wp.html udc The Universal Decimal Classification is a system of library classification developed by the Belgian bibliographers Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine at the end of the 19th century. It is based on the Dewey Decimal Classification, but uses auxiliary signs to indicate various special aspects of a subject and relationships between subjects. It thus contains a significant faceted or analytico-synthetic element, and is used especially in specialist libraries. UDC has been modified and extended through the years to cope with the increasing output in all disciplines of human knowledge, and is still under continuous review to take account of new developments. The documents classified by UDC may be in any form. They will often be literature, i.e. written documents, but may also be in other media such as films, video and sound recordings, illustrations, maps, and realia such as museum pieces. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Universal Decimal Classification) 14 24 0.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1177-chart-wp.html sgml The Standard Generalized Markup Language (ISO 8879:1986 SGML) is an ISO-standard technology for defining generalized markup languages for documents. ISO 8879 Annex A.1 defines generalized markup: Generalized markup is based on two novel postulates: 1) Markup should describe a document's structure and other attributes, rather than specify the processing to be performed on it, as descriptive markup needs to be done only once, and will suffice for future processing. 2) Markup should be rigorous so that the techniques available for processing rigorously-defined objects like programs and databases can be used for processing documents as well. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SGML) 56 270 3.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1187-chart-wp.html dtd Document Type Definition (DTD) is a set of markup declarations that define a document type for SGML-family markup languages (SGML, XML, HTML). DTDs were a precursor to XML schema and have a similar function, although different capabilities. DTDs use a terse formal syntax that declares precisely which elements and references may appear where in the document of the particular type, and what the elements' contents and attributes are. DTDs also declare entities which may be used in the instance document. XML uses a subset of SGML DTD. As of 2009 newer XML Namespace-aware schema languages (such as W3C XML Schema and ISO RELAX NG) have largely superseded DTDs. A namespace-aware version of DTDs is being developed as Part 9 of ISO DSDL. DTDs persist in applications which need special publishing characters such as the XML and HTML Character Entity References, which were derived from the larger sets defined as part of the ISO SGML standard effort. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: DTD) 36 91 2.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1188-chart-wp.html latex LaTeX is a document markup language and document preparation system for the TeX typesetting program. Within the typesetting system, its name is styled as . The term LaTeX refers only to the language in which documents are written, not to the editor used to write those documents. In order to create a document in LaTeX, a .tex file must be created using some form of text editor. While most text editors can be used to create a LaTeX document, a number of editors have been created specifically for working with LaTeX. LaTeX is widely used in academia. As a primary or intermediate format (translating DocBook and other XML-based formats to PDF), LaTeX is used because of the high quality of typesetting achievable by TeX. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: LaTeX) 9 41 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1200-chart-wp.html digimap Digimap is a web mapping and online data delivery service developed by the EDINA national data centre for UK academia. It offers a range of on-line mapping and data download facilities which provide maps and spatial data from Ordnance Survey, British Geological Survey, Landmark Information Group and SeaZone Ltd. (marine mapping data and charts from the UK Hydrographic Office). The service is funded by the JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Digimap) 9 19 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1204-chart-wp.html ietf The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) develops and promotes Internet standards, cooperating closely with the W3C and ISO/IEC standards bodies and dealing in particular with standards of the TCP/IP and Internet protocol suite. It is an open standards organization, with no formal membership or membership requirements. All participants and managers are volunteers, though their work is usually funded by their employers or sponsors; for instance, the current chairperson is funded by VeriSign and the U.S. government's National Security Agency. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: IETF) 22 37 1.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1230-chart-wp.html png Portable Network Graphics is a bitmapped image format and video codec that employs lossless data compression. PNG was created to improve upon and replace GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) as an image-file format not requiring a patent license. The PNG acronym is optionally recursive, unofficially standing for PNG's Not GIF. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: PNG) 15 32 0.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1238-chart-wp.html dhtml Dynamic HTML, or DHTML, is an umbrella term for a collection of technologies used together to create interactive and animated web sites by using a combination of a static markup language (such as HTML), a client-side scripting language (such as JavaScript), a presentation definition language (such as CSS), and the Document Object Model. DHTML allows scripting languages to change variables in a web page's definition language, which in turn affects the look and function of otherwise "static" HTML page content, after the page has been fully loaded and during the viewing process. Thus the dynamic characteristic of DHTML is the way it functions while a page is viewed, not in its ability to generate a unique page with each page load. By contrast, a dynamic web page is a broader concept ‐ any web page generated differently for each user, load occurrence, or specific variable values. This includes pages created by client-side scripting, and ones created by server-side scripting (such as PHP, Perl, JSP or ASP.NET) where the web server generates content before sending it to the client. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: DHTML) 3 7 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13879-chart-wp.html rtf The Rich Text Format (often abbreviated RTF) is a proprietary document file format with published specification developed by Microsoft Corporation since 1987 for Microsoft products and for cross-platform document interchange. Most word processors are able to read and write some versions of RTF. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: RTF) 18 26 1.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1243-chart-wp.html dns The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system built on a distributed database for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices worldwide. An often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the phone book for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, the domain name www.example.com translates to the addresses 192.0.32.10 (IPv4) and 2620:0:2d0:200::10 (IPv6). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: DNS) 10 14 0.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1263-chart-wp.html lcsh The Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) comprise a thesaurus (in the information technology sense) of subject headings, maintained by the United States Library of Congress, for use in bibliographic records. LC Subject Headings are an integral part of bibliographic control, which is the function by which libraries collect, organize and disseminate documents. LCSHs are applied to every item within a library's collection, and facilitate a user's access to items in the catalogue that pertain to similar subject matter. If users could only locate items by 'title' or other descriptive fields, such as 'author' or 'publisher', they would have to expend an enormous amount of time searching for items of related subject matter, and undoubtedly miss locating many items because of the ineffective and inefficient search capability. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Library of Congress Subject Headings) 26 80 1.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1277-chart-wp.html pics The Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS) is a specification created by W3C that uses metadata to label webpages to help parents and teachers control what children and students can access on the Internet. The W3C Protocol for Web Description Resources project integrates PICS concepts with RDF. PICS has been superseded by POWDER. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Platform for Internet Content Selection) 19 73 1.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1287-chart-wp.html ansi The American National Standards Institute is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. For example, standards ensure that people who own cameras can find the film they need for that camera anywhere around the globe. ANSI accredits standards that are developed by representatives of standards developing organizations, government agencies, consumer groups, companies, and others. These standards ensure that the characteristics and performance of products are consistent, that people use the same definitions and terms, and that products are tested the same way. ANSI also accredits organizations that carry out product or personnel certification in accordance with requirements defined in international standards. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: American National Standards Institute) 15 25 0.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1298-chart-wp.html gif The Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) is a bitmap image format that was introduced by CompuServe in 1987 and has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web due to its wide support and portability. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: GIF) 62 118 3.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1312-chart-wp.html mpeg The 'Moving Picture Experts Group' (MPEG) is a working group of experts that was formed by ISO and IEC to set standards for audio and video compression and transmission. It was established in 1988 and its first meeting was in May 1988 in Ottawa, Canada. As of late 2005, MPEG has grown to include approximately 350 members per meeting from various industries, universities, and research institutions. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: MPEG) 31 55 1.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1322-chart-wp.html ahds The Arts and Humanities Data Service (AHDS) was a United Kingdom national service aiding the discovery, creation and preservation of digital resources in and for research, teaching and learning in the arts and humanities. It was established in 1996 and ceased operation in 2008 (although the website and related digital collections are still accessible). Organised via a Managing Executive at King's College London and five AHDS Centres, hosted by various UK Higher Education Institutions, the AHDS was funded until the end of March 2008 by the Joint Information Systems Committee and the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC). However, in March 2007 the AHRC decided to cease funding for the AHDS beyond March 2008. As a result, the AHDS is now advising AHRC applicants to ensure their projects include a budget for the costs of preservation and sustainability (whether with the AHDS or another service). Following the sad demise of AHDS, and the cessation of the Methods Network, the Centre for e-Research (CeRch) was established at King's College London in 2008. The Centre's aims are to facilitate interdisciplinary, institutional, national and international collaboration. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Arts and Humanities Data Service) 47 284 2.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1350-chart-wp.html ead Encoded Archival Description is an XML standard for encoding archival finding aids, maintained by the Library of Congress in partnership with the Society of American Archivists. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: EAD) 29 60 1.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1351-chart-wp.html british museum The British Museum is a museum of human history and culture in London. Its collections, which number more than seven million objects, are amongst the largest and most comprehensive in the world and originate from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: British Museum) 14 30 0.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1364-chart-wp.html digital audio Digital audio is the result of sound reproduction, using pulse-code modulation and digital signals. This includes analog-to-digital conversion (ADC), digital-to-analog conversion (DAC), storage, and transmission. While modern systems can be quite subtle in their methods, the primary usefulness of a digital system is the ability to store, retrieve and transmit signals without any loss of quality. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Digital audio) 12 19 0.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1366-chart-wp.html medical subject headings Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a comprehensive controlled vocabulary for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences; it can also serve as a thesaurus that facilitates searching. Created and updated by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), it is used by the MEDLINE/PubMed article database and by NLM's catalog of book holdings. MeSH can be browsed and downloaded free of charge on the Internet through PubMed. The yearly printed version was discontinued in 2007 and MeSH is now available online only. Originally in English, MeSH has been translated into numerous other languages and allows retrieval of documents from different languages. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)) 11 12 0.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1384-chart-wp.html oracle Oracle Corporation (NASDAQ: ORCL) is an American multinational computer technology corporation that specializes in developing and marketing hardware systems and enterprise software products - particularly database management systems. The corporation has arguably become best-known for its flagship product, the Oracle Database. The company also builds tools for database development and systems of middle-tier software, enterprise resource planning software (ERP), customer relationship management software (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM) software. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Oracle) 26 51 1.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1391-chart-wp.html network service A network service is a service that is provided on-line (digitally). 'Informational' network services include those that provide access to, or metadata about, items or collections at a digital location. Examples include Web sites, document supply services, abstracting and indexing services, data archives, online catalogues, databases, email archives, etc. 'Transactional' network services are those that are not primarily concerned with the supply of information, for example format conversion, printing, authentication or e-commerce services. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Network service) 14 24 0.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1397-chart-wp.html videoconferencing A videoconference or video conference (also known as a videoteleconference) is a set of interactive telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously. It has also been called 'visual collaboration' and is a type of groupware. Videoconferencing differs from videophone calls in that it's designed to serve a conference rather than individuals. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Videoconferencing) 10 25 0.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1402-chart-wp.html bibliographic record A bibliographic record is an entry being a uniform representation and description of a specific content item in a bibliographic database (or a library catalog), containing data elements required for its identification and retrieval, as well as additional supporting information, presented in a formalized bibliographic format. The additional information may support particular database functions such as search, or browse (e.g. keywords), or may serve fuller presentation of the content item in the database (e.g. article's abstract). Bibliographic records are usually retrievable from bibliographic databases by author, title, index term, or keyword. Bibliographic records can represent a wide variety of published contents, including traditional paper, digitized or born-digital publications. The process of creation, exchange, and preservation of bibliographic records are parts of a larger process, called bibliographic control. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Bibliographic record) 15 23 0.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1458-chart-wp.html content provider A content provider is a network service that makes a collection available. A content provider may disclose metadata about its resources through a structured network service. In the context of the JISC IE, a content provider interacts with brokers, aggregators and portals using Z39.50, the OAI-PMH and RSS/HTTP. Note that 'content provider' may also refer to the organisation that makes collections available - which may be a JISC-funded service, an HE/FE institution, or some other organisation. (Excerpt from JISC Information Environment Glossary) 17 24 1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1476-chart-wp.html resource sharing In computing, a shared resource or network share is a device or piece of information on a computer that can be remotely accessed from another computer, typically via a local area network or an enterprise Intranet, transparently as if it were a resource in the local machine. Examples are shared file access (also known as disk sharing and folder sharing), shared printer access (printer sharing), shared scanner access, etc. The shared resource is called a shared disk (also known as mounted disk), shared drive volume, shared folder, shared file, shared document, shared printer or shared scanner. The term file sharing traditionally means shared file access, especially in the context of operating systems and LAN and Intranet services, for example in Microsoft Windows documentation. Though, as BitTorrent and similar applications became available in the early 2000's, the term file sharing increasingly has become associated with peer-to-peer file sharing over the Internet. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Resource sharing) 34 53 2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1492-chart-wp.html digital media Digital media is a form of electronic media where data is stored in digital (as opposed to analog) form. It can refer to the technical aspect of storage and transmission (e.g. hard disk drives or computer networking) of information or to the "end product", such as digital video, augmented reality or digital art. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Digital media) 51 62 3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1493-chart-wp.html content negotiation Content negotiation is a mechanism defined in the HTTP specification that makes it possible to serve different versions of a document (or more generally, a resource) at the same URI, so that user agents can specify which version fit their capabilities the best. One classical use of this mechanism is to serve an image in GIF or PNG format, so that a browser that cannot display PNG images (e.g. MS Internet Explorer 4) will be served the GIF version. To summarize how this works, when a user agent submits a request to a server, the user agent informs the server what media types it understands with ratings of how well it understands them. More precisely, the user agent provides an Accept HTTP header that lists acceptable media types and associated quality factors. The server is then able to supply the version of the resource that best fits the user agent's needs. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Content negotiation) 8 19 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1538-chart-wp.html cnri The Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), based in Reston, Virginia, is a non-profit organization founded in 1986 by Robert E. Kahn as an "activities center around strategic development of network-based information technologies", including the National Information Infrastructure in the United States. CNRI publishes D-Lib Magazine, a journal of digital library research and development. It also develops the Handle System for managing and locating digital information . CNRI formerly operated the Secretariat of the Internet Engineering Task Force. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: CNRI) 11 16 0.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1543-chart-wp.html darpa The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new technology for use by the military. DARPA has been responsible for funding the development of many technologies which have had a major effect on the world, including computer networking, as well as NLS, which was both the first hypertext system, and an important precursor to the contemporary ubiquitous graphical user interface. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: DARPA) 3 3 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1544-chart-wp.html subject gateway A subject gateway is a network service based on a catalogue of Internet resources. The gateways provided by RDN hubs focus on particular subject areas. (Excerpt from JISC Information Environment Glossary) 36 66 2.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1560-chart-wp.html bibliographic database A bibliographic database is a database of bibliographic records, an organized digital collection of references to published literature, including journal and newspaper articles, conference proceedings, reports, government and legal publications, patents, books, etc. In contrast to library catalogue entries, a large proportion of the bibliographic records in bibliographic databases describe analytics (articles, conference papers, etc.) rather than complete monographs, and they generally contain very rich subject descriptions in the form of keywords, subject classification terms, or abstracts. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Bibliographic database) 29 36 1.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1581-chart-wp.html wordnet WordNet is a lexical database for the English language. It groups English words into sets of synonyms called synsets, provides short, general definitions, and records the various semantic relations between these synonym sets. The purpose is twofold: to produce a combination of dictionary and thesaurus that is more intuitively usable, and to support automatic text analysis and artificial intelligence applications. The database and software tools have been released under a BSD style license and can be downloaded and used freely. The database can also be browsed online. WordNet was created and is being maintained at the Cognitive Science Laboratory of Princeton University under the direction of psychology professor George A. Miller. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Wordnet) 5 8 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1626-chart-wp.html lexical database A lexical database is a lexical resource which has an associated software environment database which permits access to its contents. The database may be custom-designed for the lexical information or a general-purpose database into which lexical information has been entered. Information typically stored in a lexical database database includes lexical category and synonyms of words, as well as semantic relations between different words or sets of words. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Lexical database) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1628-chart-wp.html aacr2 AACR2 stands for the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition. It is published jointly by the American Library Association, the Canadian Library Association, and the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals in the UK. The editor is Michael Gorman, a British-born librarian living in the Chicago area and honored by both the ALA and CILIP. AACR2 is designed for use in the construction of catalogues and other lists in general libraries of all sizes. The rules cover the description of, and the provision of access points for, all library materials commonly collected at the present time. Despite the claim to be 'Anglo-American', the first edition of AACR was published in 1967 in somewhat distinct North American and British texts. The second edition of 1978 unified the two sets of rules (adopting the British spelling 'cataloguing') and brought them in line with the International Standard Bibliographic Description. Libraries wishing to migrate from the previous North American text were obliged to implement 'desuperimposition', a substantial change in the form of headings for corporate bodies. As well as occasional minor amendments, a broader revision was completed in July 2010 in which the rules are more consistent and coherent, informed by the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records. This new cataloging code has been released as Resource Description and Access and is currently undergoing testing at a number of universities as well as the Library of Congress. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules) 20 56 1.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1635-chart-wp.html copac Copac is a union catalogue which provides free access to the merged online catalogues of many major university research libraries in the United Kingdom and Ireland, plus an increasing number of specialist libraries and the British Library, the National Library of Scotland and the National Library of Wales. It has over 35 million records from over 50 libraries, representing a wide range of materials across all subject areas. Copac is freely available to all. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Copac) 38 152 2.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1647-chart-wp.html scripting language A scripting language is a command set for controlling some specific piece of hardware, software, or operating system, often with rudimentary and in some cases more advanced programming-like control flow constructs, and is almost always usable from a stored format such as a simple text file, a section of read-only persistent storage in an embedded device, a deck of punched cards, or other mechanism. Most scripting languages use no compiler at all, instead being interpreted on the fly by the application itself, sometimes after being converted to a bytecode or other intermediate form that can be interpreted more quickly by the application, which by contrast is typically a program compiled to native machine code. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Scripting language) 12 23 0.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1693-chart-wp.html flash Adobe Flash (formerly SmartSketch FutureSplash, FutureSplash Animator and Macromedia Flash) is a multimedia platform used to add animation, video, and interactivity to web pages. Flash is frequently used for advertisements and games. More recently, it has been positioned as a tool for "Rich Internet Applications" ("RIAs"). Flash manipulates vector and raster graphics to provide animation of text, drawings, and still images. It supports bidirectional streaming of audio and video, and it can capture user input via mouse, keyboard, microphone, and camera. Flash contains an object-oriented language called ActionScript. Flash content may be displayed on various computer systems and devices, using Adobe Flash Player, which is available free of charge for common web browsers, some mobile phones and a few other electronic devices (using Flash Lite). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Adobe Flash) 50 98 2.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1719-chart-wp.html oasis The Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) is a global consortium that drives the development, convergence and adoption of e-business and web service standards. With its headquarters in the USA, members of the consortium decide how and what work is undertaken through an open, democratic process. Technical work is carried out under the following categories: Web Services, e-Commerce, Security, Law & Government, Supply Chain, Computing Management, Application Focus, Document-Centric, XML Processing, Conformance/Interop, and Industry Domains. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: OASIS) 17 35 1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1722-chart-wp.html mla The Museums, Libraries and Archives Council (MLA) is a non-departmental public body in England and a registered charity with a remit to promote improvement and innovation in the area of museums, libraries and archives. It has functions that span the UK and it advises the UK government on policy and priorities for these areas in England, and receives funding from the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). The Chairman is Sir Andrew Motion (lately Poet Laureate) and the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is Roy Clare CBE. On July 26 2010 it was announced that the MLA would be abolished under new proposals put forward by the culture secretary, Jeremy Hunt, to cut the number of public bodies the government funds. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: MLA) 46 267 2.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1748-chart-wp.html bufvc The British Universities Film & Video Council (BUFVC) is a representative body promoting the production, study and use of moving image, sound and related media for learning and research. It is a Limited Company of Charity status serving post compulsory education interests in the UK. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: BUFVC) 10 18 0.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1761-chart-wp.html authentication service An authentication service is a structured network service that determines that the digital ID being presented to a network service is being used by the real-world individual who has the rights to use it. This is often achieved through the use of a username/password combination or a digital certificate, depending on the degree of assurance required. (Excerpt from JISC Information Environment Glossary) 7 7 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1793-chart-wp.html isbd The International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD) is a set of rules produced by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) to describe[clarification needed] a wide range of library materials within the context of a catalog. The consolidated edition of the ISBD was published in 2007. It superseded earlier separate ISBDs that were published for monographs, older monographic publications, cartographic materials, serials and other continuing resources, electronic resources, non-book materials, and printed music. IFLA's ISBD Review Group is responsible for maintaining the ISBD. One of the original purposes of the ISBD was to provide a standard form of bibliographic description that could be used to exchange records internationally. This would support IFLA's program of universal bibliographic control. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: International Standard Bibliographic Descriptio) 7 21 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1805-chart-wp.html avi Audio Video Interleave (also Audio Video Interleaved), known by its acronym AVI, is a multimedia container format introduced by Microsoft in November 1992 as part of its Video for Windows technology. AVI files can contain both audio and video data in a file container that allows synchronous audio-with-video playback. Like the DVD video format, AVI files support multiple streaming audio and video, although these features are seldom used. Most AVI files also use the file format extensions developed by the Matrox OpenDML group in February 1996. These files are supported by Microsoft, and are unofficially called "AVI 2.0". (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: AVI) 9 12 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1859-chart-wp.html wav Waveform Audio File Format (WAVE, or more commonly known as WAV due to its filename extension), (also, but rarely, named, Audio for Windows) is a Microsoft and IBM audio file format standard for storing an audio bitstream on PCs. It is an application of the RIFF bitstream format method for storing data in "chunks", and thus is also close to the 8SVX and the AIFF format used on Amiga and Macintosh computers, respectively. It is the main format used on Windows systems for raw and typically uncompressed audio. The usual bitstream encoding is the linear pulse-code modulation (LPCM) format. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: WAV) 7 9 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1863-chart-wp.html quicktime QuickTime is an extensible proprietary multimedia framework developed by Apple Inc., capable of handling various formats of digital video, picture, sound, panoramic images, and interactivity. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: QuickTime) 16 33 0.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1873-chart-wp.html aiff Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF) is an audio file format standard used for storing sound data for personal computers and other electronic audio devices. The format was co-developed by Apple Computer in 1988 based on Electronic Arts' Interchange File Format (IFF, widely used on Amiga systems) and is most commonly used on Apple Macintosh computer systems. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: AIFF) 1 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1875-chart-wp.html realaudio RealAudio is a proprietary audio format developed by RealNetworks and first released in 1995. It uses a variety of audio codecs, ranging from low-bitrate formats that can be used over dialup modems, to high-fidelity formats for music. It can also be used as a streaming audio format, that is played at the same time as it is downloaded. In the past, many internet radio stations used RealAudio to stream their programming over the internet in real time. In recent years, however, the format has become less common and has given way to more popular audio formats. RealAudio was heavily used by the BBC websites until 2009, though due to its declining use, only BBC World Service is still available in this format. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: RealAudio) 2 7 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1878-chart-wp.html subject heading An index term, subject term, subject heading, or descriptor, in information retrieval, is a term that captures the essence of the topic of a document. Index terms make up a controlled vocabulary for use in bibliographic records. They are an integral part of bibliographic control, which is the function by which libraries collect, organize and disseminate documents. They are used as keywords to retrieve documents in an information system, for instance, a catalog or a search engine. A popular form of keywords on the web are tags which are directly visible and can be assigned by non-experts also. Index terms can consist of a word, phrase, or alphanumerical term. They are created by analyzing the document either manually with subject indexing or automatically with automatic indexing or more sophisticated methods of keyword extraction. Index terms can either come from a controlled vocabulary or be freely assigned. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: subject heading) 13 18 0.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1907-chart-wp.html purl A persistent uniform resource locator (PURL) is a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) (i.e. location-based Uniform Resource Identifier or URI) that is used to redirect to the location of the requested Web resource. PURLs redirect HTTP clients using HTTP status codes. PURLs are used to curate the URL resolution process, thus solving the problem of transitory URIs in location-based URI schemes like HTTP. Technically the string resolution on PURL is like SEF URL resolution. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: PURL) 15 55 0.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1925-chart-wp.html lzw Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) is a universal lossless data compression algorithm created by Abraham Lempel, Jacob Ziv, and Terry Welch. It was published by Welch in 1984 as an improved implementation of the LZ78 algorithm published by Lempel and Ziv in 1978. The algorithm is simple to implement, and has the potential for very high throughput in hardware implementations. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: LZW) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1943-chart-wp.html ssh Secure Shell or SSH is a network protocol that allows data to be exchanged using a secure channel between two networked devices. The two major versions of the protocol are referred to as SSH1 or SSH-1 and SSH2 or SSH-2. Used primarily on Linux and Unix based systems to access shell accounts, SSH was designed as a replacement for Telnet and other insecure remote shells, which send information, notably passwords, in plaintext, rendering them susceptible to packet analysis. The encryption used by SSH is intended to provide confidentiality and integrity of data over an unsecured network, such as the Internet. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SSH) 3 5 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1986-chart-wp.html secure shell Secure Shell or SSH is a network protocol that allows data to be exchanged using a secure channel between two networked devices. The two major versions of the protocol are referred to as SSH1 or SSH-1 and SSH2 or SSH-2. Used primarily on Linux and Unix based systems to access shell accounts, SSH was designed as a replacement for Telnet and other insecure remote shells, which send information, notably passwords, in plaintext, rendering them susceptible to packet analysis. The encryption used by SSH is intended to provide confidentiality and integrity of data over an unsecured network, such as the Internet. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SSH) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1995-chart-wp.html shared resource In computing, a shared resource or network share is a device or piece of information on a computer that can be remotely accessed from another computer, typically via a local area network or an enterprise Intranet, transparently as if it were a resource in the local machine. Examples are shared file access (also known as disk sharing and folder sharing), shared printer access (printer sharing), shared scanner access, etc. The shared resource is called a shared disk (also known as mounted disk), shared drive volume, shared folder, shared file, shared document, shared printer or shared scanner. The term file sharing traditionally means shared file access, especially in the context of operating systems and LAN and Intranet services, for example in Microsoft Windows documentation. Though, as BitTorrent and similar applications became available in the early 2000's, the term file sharing increasingly has become associated with peer-to-peer file sharing over the Internet. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Resource sharing) 3 3 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2063-chart-wp.html odp The Open Document Format for Office Applications (also known as OpenDocument or ODF) is an XML-based file format for representing electronic documents such as spreadsheets, charts, presentations and word processing documents. While the specifications were originally developed by Sun Microsystems, the standard was developed by the OASIS Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) TC - OASIS ODF TC, committee of the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) consortium and based on the XML format originally created and implemented by the OpenOffice.org office suite (see OpenOffice.org XML). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: OpenDocument presentation) 3 4 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2075-chart-wp.html real audio RealAudio is a proprietary audio format developed by RealNetworks and first released in 1995. It uses a variety of audio codecs, ranging from low-bitrate formats that can be used over dialup modems, to high-fidelity formats for music. It can also be used as a streaming audio format, that is played at the same time as it is downloaded. In the past, many internet radio stations used RealAudio to stream their programming over the internet in real time. In recent years, however, the format has become less common and has given way to more popular audio formats. RealAudio was heavily used by the BBC websites until 2009, though due to its declining use, only BBC World Service is still available in this format. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: RealAudio) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2098-chart-wp.html ieee The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, read I-Triple-E) is a non-profit professional association dedicated to advancing technological innovation related to electricity. It has more than 400,000 members in more than 160 countries, 45% outside the United States. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: IEEE) 40 95 2.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2103-chart-wp.html doc In computing, DOC or doc (an abbreviation of 'document') is a file extension for word processing documents; most commonly for Microsoft Word. Historically, the extension was used for documentation in plain-text format, particularly of programs or computer hardware, on a wide range of operating systems. During the 1980s, WordPerfect used DOC as the extension of their proprietary format. Later, in the 1990s, Microsoft chose to use the DOC extension for their proprietary Microsoft Word word processing formats. The original uses for the extension have largely disappeared from the PC world. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: DOC) 16 28 0.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2120-chart-wp.html i18n In computing, internationalization and localization (also spelled internationalisation and localisation, see spelling differences) are means of adapting computer software to different languages, regional differences and technical requirements of a target market. Internationalization is the process of designing a software application so that it can be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. Localization is the process of adapting internationalized software for a specific region or language by adding locale-specific components and translating text. The terms are frequently abbreviated to the numeronyms i18n (where 18 stands for the number of letters between the first i and last n in internationalization, a usage coined at DEC in the 1970s or 80s) and L10n respectively, due to the length of the words. The capital L in L10n helps to distinguish it from the lowercase i in i18n. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Internationalization and localization) 1 10 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2123-chart-wp.html utf-8 UTF-8 (UCS Transformation Format - 8-bit) is a multibyte character encoding for Unicode. UTF-8 is like UTF-16 and UTF-32, because it can represent every character in the Unicode character set. But unlike UTF-16 and UTF-32, it possesses the advantages of being backward-compatible with ASCII. And it has the advantage of avoiding the complications of endianness and the resulting need to use byte order marks (BOM). For these and other reasons, UTF-8 has become the dominant character encoding for the World-Wide Web, accounting for more than half of all Web pages. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) requires all Internet protocols to identify the encoding used for character data, and the supported character encodings must include UTF-8. The Internet Mail Consortium (IMC) recommends that all e‑mail programs be able to display and create mail using UTF-8. UTF-8 is also increasingly being used as the default character encoding in operating systems, programming languages, APIs, and software applications. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: UTF-8) 7 12 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2127-chart-wp.html character encoding A character encoding system consists of a code that pairs each character from a given repertoire with something else, such as a sequence of natural numbers, octets or electrical pulses, in order to facilitate the transmission of data (generally numbers and / or text) through telecommunication networks or storage of text in computers. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Character encoding) 6 11 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2128-chart-wp.html utf-16 UTF-16 (16-bit Unicode Transformation Format) is a character encoding for Unicode capable of encoding 1,112,064 numbers (called code points) in the Unicode code space from 0 to 0x10FFFF. It produces a variable-length result of either one or two 16-bit code units per code point. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: UTF-16) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2130-chart-wp.html dom Document Object Model (DOM) is a cross-platform and language-independent convention for representing and interacting with objects in HTML, XHTML and XML documents. Aspects of the DOM (such as its "Elements") may be addressed and manipulated within the syntax of the programming language in use. The public interface of a DOM is specified in its application programming interface (API). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: DOM) 13 29 0.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2139-chart-wp.html theseus THESEUS, Germany's largest IT research program, is developing ways to navigate through the increasing quantities of data found on the Internet. Under the THESEUS umbrella, some 60 research partners from academia and the business world have come together to develop new technologies and applications. Their goal is to facilitate access to information, combine data to form new kinds of knowledge and lay the groundwork for new services on the Internet. The technologies being developed within the THESEUS program are preparing the way for a future Internet of Services. This will make it possible for services that are now available on the Web only separately, such as online shopping, flight bookings and research support, to be combined and linked with one another. If a user were then to tell his computer: 'I want to move from Berlin to Hamburg,' the program would identify and coordinate the appropriate resources for finding housing, organizing the move and registering with the authorities. (Excerpt from this source) 4 6 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2159-chart-wp.html dirac Dirac is an open and royalty-free video compression format, specification and system developed by BBC Research at the BBC. Schrödinger and dirac-research (formerly just called 'Dirac') are open and royalty-free software implementations (video codecs) of Dirac. Dirac format aims to provide high-quality video compression for Ultra HDTV and beyond, and as such competes with existing formats such as H.264 and VC-1. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Dirac) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2182-chart-wp.html groovy Groovy is an object-oriented programming language for the Java platform. It is a dynamic language with features similar to those of Python, Ruby, Perl, and Smalltalk. It can be used as a scripting language for the Java Platform. Groovy uses a Java-like bracket syntax. It is dynamically compiled to Java Virtual Machine (JVM) bytecode and interoperates with other Java code and libraries. Most Java code is also syntactically valid Groovy. Groovy 1.0 was released on January 2, 2007. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Groovy programming language) 3 4 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2205-chart-wp.html samba Samba is a free software re-implementation, originally developed by Australian Andrew Tridgell, of the SMB/CIFS networking protocol. As of version 3, Samba provides file and print services for various Microsoft Windows clients and can integrate with a Windows Server domain, either as a Primary Domain Controller (PDC) or as a domain member. It can also be part of an Active Directory domain. Samba runs on most Unix and Unix-like systems, such as GNU / Linux, Solaris, AIX and the BSD variants, including Apple's Mac OS X Server (which was added to the Mac OS X client in version 10.2). Samba is standard on nearly all distributions of Linux and is commonly included as a basic system service on other Unix-based operating systems as well. Samba is released under the GNU General Public License. The name Samba comes from SMB (Server Message Block), the name of the standard protocol used by the Microsoft Windows network file system. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Samba) 5 6 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2256-chart-wp.html ddc The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC, also called the Dewey Decimal System) is a proprietary system of library classification developed by Melvil Dewey in 1876. It has been greatly modified and expanded through 22 major revisions, the most recent in 2003. This system organizes books on library shelves in a specific and repeatable order that makes it easy to find any book and return it to its proper place. The system is used in 200,000 libraries in at least 135 countries. A designation such as Dewey 16 refers to the 16th edition of the DDC. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Dewey Decimal) 10 14 0.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2282-chart-wp.html project gutenberg Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks." Founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart, it is the oldest digital library. Most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books. The project tries to make these as free as possible, in long-lasting, open formats that can be used on almost any computer. As of November 2010, Project Gutenberg claimed over 34,000 items in its collection. Project Gutenberg is affiliated with many projects that are independent organizations which share the same ideals, and have been given permission to use the Project Gutenberg trademark. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Project Gutenberg) 7 10 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2299-chart-wp.html owl The Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a family of knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies. The languages are characterised by formal semantics and RDF/XML-based serializations for the Semantic Web. OWL is endorsed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and has attracted academic, medical and commercial interest. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: OWL) 14 24 0.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2340-chart-wp.html lbs A location-based service (LBS) is an information or entertainment service, accessible with mobile devices through the mobile network and utilizing the ability to make use of the geographical position of the mobile device . LBS can be used in a variety of contexts, such as health, indoor object search, entertainment, work, personal life, etc. LBS include services to identify a location of a person or object, such as discovering the nearest banking cash machine or the whereabouts of a friend or employee. LBS include parcel tracking and vehicle tracking services. LBS can include mobile commerce when taking the form of coupons or advertising directed at customers based on their current location. They include personalized weather services and even location-based games. They are an example of telecommunication convergence. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Location-based service) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2379-chart-wp.html vra core Since the 1980s, Visual Resources Association has worked on creating standards to describe images. To replace the earlier widely varying practices, the association created a common standard, the VRA Core Categories. Somewhat based on the Dublin Core model, the Core has grown from a list of elements describing art and architectural images to a data standard (with an XML schema to promote the sharing of records) for describing images. The first version was published in 1996, with revisions in 1998, 2002, 2004, and 2007 (resulting in the current version, 4.0.). In November 2010, the Network Development and MARC Standards Office of the Library of Congress began hosting VRA Core 4 in partnership with the VRA. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: VRA Core) 3 5 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2489-chart-wp.html computer programming Computer programming (often shortened to programming or coding) is the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging / troubleshooting, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. This source code is written in a programming language. The purpose of programming is to create a program that exhibits a certain desired behavior. The process of writing source code often requires expertise in many different subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms and formal logic. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Computer programming) 5 5 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2553-chart-wp.html ims IMS Global Learning Consortium (usually known as ITIMS or IMS GLC) is a global, nonprofit, member organization that strives to enable the growth and impact of learning technology in the education and corporate learning sectors worldwide. IMS GLC members provide leadership in shaping and growing the learning industry through community development of interoperability and adoption practice standards and recognition of the return on investment from learning and educational technology. Their main activity is to develop interoperability standards and adoption practice standards for distributed learning, some of which like QTI and Content Packaging are very widely used. Although the IMS has produced many good specifications, some criticism of it centers on the fact that, unlike most bodies working in the standards space, it requires large membership fees for organizations or individuals seeking to review or comment on its work. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: IMS Global) 39 290 2.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2563-chart-wp.html edge hill university Edge Hill University is situated in Ormskirk, Lancashire, England. It has three faculties: Education, Health and Social Care, and Arts and Sciences. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Edge Hill University) 8 13 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13732-chart-wp.html information architecture Information architecture (IA) is the art of expressing a model or concept of information used in activities that require explicit details of complex systems. Among these activities are library systems, Content Management Systems, web development, user interactions, database development, programming, technical writing, enterprise architecture, and critical system software design. Information architecture has somewhat different meanings in these different branches of IS or IT architecture. Most definitions have common qualities: a structural design of shared environments, methods of organizing and labeling websites, intranets, and online communities, and ways of bringing the principles of design and architecture to the digital landscape. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Information architecture) 45 120 2.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2662-chart-wp.html photoshop Adobe Photoshop is a graphics editing program developed and published by Adobe Systems Incorporated. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Adobe Photoshop) 22 37 1.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2696-chart-wp.html xpointer XPointer is a system for addressing components of XML based internet media. XPointer is divided among four specifications: a "framework" which forms the basis for identifying XML fragments, a positional element addressing scheme, a scheme for namespaces, and a scheme for XPath-based addressing. XPointer Framework is a recommendation since March 2003. The XPointer language is designed to address structural aspects of XML, including text content and other information objects created as a result of parsing the document. Thus, it could be used to point to a section of a document highlighted by a user through a mouse drag action. XPointer is covered by a royalty-free technology patent held by Sun Microsystems. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Xpointer) 8 26 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2707-chart-wp.html xlink XML Linking Language, or XLink, is an XML markup language and W3C specification that provides methods for creating internal and external links within XML documents, and associating metadata with those links. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Xlink) 10 37 0.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2708-chart-wp.html smil SMIL, the Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language, is a W3C recommended XML markup language for describing multimedia presentations. It defines markup for timing, layout, animations, visual transitions, and media embedding, among other things. SMIL allows the presentation of media items such as text, images, video, and audio, as well as links to other SMIL presentations, and files from multiple web servers. SMIL markup is written in XML, and has similarities to HTML. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SMIL) 8 32 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2709-chart-wp.html cpan CPAN, the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network, is an archive of over 20,000 modules of software written in Perl, as well as documentation for it. It has a presence on the World Wide Web at www.cpan.org and is mirrored worldwide at more than 200 locations. CPAN can denote either the archive network itself, or the Perl program that acts as an interface to the network and as an automated software installer (somewhat like a package manager). Most software on CPAN is free and open source software. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: CPAN) 4 9 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2797-chart-wp.html courtauld institute of art The Courtauld Institute of Art (UK /ˈkɔərtoÊŠld/) is a self-governing college of the University of London specialising in the study of the history of art. The Courtauld is one of the premier centres for the teaching of art history in the world; it was the only History of Art department in the UK to be awarded a top 5* grade in the 2001 Research Assessment Exercise, and was ranked second nationally for History of Art in the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise and ranked first nationally for History and History of Art in the Guardian's 2011 University Guide. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Courtauld Institute of Art) 6 6 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13734-chart-wp.html network protocol A communications protocol (also known as a network protocol) is a formal description of digital message formats and the rules for exchanging those messages in or between computing systems and in telecommunications. Protocols may include signaling, authentication and error detection and correction capabilities. A protocol describes the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication and may be implemented in hardware or software, or both. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Network protocol) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2846-chart-wp.html ark Archival Resource Key (ARK) is a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) that provides a multi-purpose identifier given to information objects of any type. ARKs contain the label ark: in the URL, which sets the expectation that the URL terminated by '?' returns a brief metadata record, and the URL terminated by '??' returns metadata that includes a commitment statement from the current service provider. While ARKs have application in identifier persistence, the ARK scheme sees persistence as purely a matter of service and not a property of a naming syntax. The ARK inflections '?' and '??' are designed to permit service providers to convey to users some sense of their ability to provide persistence. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: ARK) 8 45 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2856-chart-wp.html sesame Sesame is an open-source framework for querying and analyzing RDF data. It was created, and is still being maintained, by the Dutch software company Aduna. It was originally developed as part of the "On-To-Knowledge", a semantic web project that ran from 1999 to 2002. It contains a triplestore. Sesame supports two query languages: SeRQL and Sparql. Another component of Sesame is Alibaba, an API that allows for mapping Java-classes on ontologies, and for generating Java source files from ontologies. This makes it possible to use specific ontologies like RSS, FOAF and Dublin Core from Java directly. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Sesame) 2 8 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2892-chart-wp.html born digital The term born-digital refers to materials that originate in a digital form. This is in contrast to digital reformatting, through which analog materials become digital. It is most often used in relation to digital libraries and the issues that go along with said organizations, such as digital preservation and intellectual property. However, as technologies have advanced and spread, the concept of being born-digital has also been discussed in relation to personal consumer-based sectors, with the rise of e-books and evolving digital music. Other terms that might be encountered as synonymous include "natively digital," "digital-first," and "digital-exclusive. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Born digital) 28 37 1.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2914-chart-wp.html persistent identifier An identifier is any label that allows us to find a resource. One of the best-known identifiers is the International Standard Book Number (ISBN), a unique ten-digit number assigned to books and other publications. On the Internet the most widely known identifier is the Uniform Resource Locator (URL), which allows users to find a resource by listing a protocol, domain name and, in many cases, file location. A persistent identifier is, as the name suggests, an identifier that exists for a very long time. It should at the very least be globally unique and be used as a reference to the resource beyond the resource's lifetime. URLs, although useful, are not very persistent. They only provide a link to the resource's location at the moment in time they are cited, if the resource moves they no longer apply. The issue of 'linkrot' on the Internet (broken links to resources), along with the need for further interoperability has led to the search for more persistent identifiers for digital resources. (Excerpt from this source) 24 73 1.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/2960-chart-wp.html learning management system A learning management system (commonly abbreviated as LMS) is a software application for the administration, documentation, tracking, and reporting of training programs, classroom and online events, e-learning programs, and training content. As described in (Ellis 2009) a robust LMS should be able to do the following: centralize and automate administration; use self-service and self-guided services; assemble and deliver learning content rapidly; consolidate training initiatives on a scalable web-based platform; support portability and standards; personalize content and enable knowledge reuse. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Learning management system) 11 24 0.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3013-chart-wp.html birkbeck college Birkbeck, University of London, sometimes referred to by its former (and still legal) name Birkbeck College or by the abbreviation BBK, is a constituent college of the University of London. At the undergraduate level, it aims at working people who want to study for degrees in the evenings (adult education). At the postgraduate level, it offers many Master's degree programmes that can be studied either part-time or full-time, though nearly all teaching is in the evening. It also admits full-time (as well as part-time) students for PhDs. Its staff members have diverse research reputations. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Birkbeck College) 11 13 0.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13737-chart-wp.html collection description The description of collections is important in the context of network library services and an important underpinning for developing a collective resource. The creation of collection descriptions allows the owners or curators of collections to disclose information about their existence and availability to interested parties. Although collection descriptions may take the form of unstructured textual documents (for example a set of Web pages describing a collection), there are significant advantages in describing collections using structured, open and standardised formats. Such descriptions would enable: users to discover and locate collections of interest; users to perform searches across multiple collections in a controlled way; software to perform such tasks on behalf of users, based on known user preferences. (Excerpt from this source) 50 215 2.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3121-chart-wp.html svg Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is a family of specifications of an XML-based file format for describing two-dimensional vector graphics, both static and dynamic (i.e. interactive or animated). The SVG specification is an open standard that has been under development by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) since 1999. SVG images and their behaviors are defined in XML text files. This means that they can be searched, indexed, scripted and, if required, compressed. Since they are XML files, SVG images can be created and edited with any text editor, but drawing programs are also available that support SVG file formats. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SVG) 12 67 0.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3175-chart-wp.html lom Learning Object Metadata is a data model, usually encoded in XML, used to describe a learning object and similar digital resources used to support learning. The purpose of learning object metadata is to support the reusability of learning objects, to aid discoverability, and to facilitate their interoperability, usually in the context of online learning management systems (LMS). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Learning Object Metadata) 22 190 1.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3205-chart-wp.html bath profile The Bath Profile is an international Z39.50 Specification for Library Applications and Resource Discovery The syntax of Z39.50 is abstracted from the underlying database structure; for example, if the client specifies an author search (Use attribute 1003), it is up to the server to determine how to map that search to the indexes it has at hand. This allows Z39.50 queries to be formulated without having to know anything about the target database; but it also means that results for the same query can vary widely among different servers. One server may have an author index; another may use its index of personal names, whether they are authors or not; another may have no suitable index and fall back on its keyword index; and another may have no suitable index and return an error. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Bath Profile) 24 74 1.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3220-chart-wp.html mp3 MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a patented digital audio encoding format using a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on digital audio players. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: MP3) 40 72 2.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3251-chart-wp.html e-business Electronic business, commonly referred to as "eBusiness" or "e-business", or an internet business, may be defined as the application of information and communication technologies (ICT) in support of all the activities of business. Commerce constitutes the exchange of products and services between businesses, groups and individuals and can be seen as one of the essential activities of any business. Electronic commerce focuses on the use of ICT to enable the external activities and relationships of the business with individuals, groups and other businesses. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: eBusiness) 25 39 1.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3275-chart-wp.html ecmascript ECMAScript is the scripting language standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification and ISO/IEC 16262. The language is widely used for client-side scripting on the web, in the form of several well-known dialects such as JavaScript, JScript, and ActionScript. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: ECMAScript) 1 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3287-chart-wp.html asf The Apache Software Foundation (ASF) is a non-profit corporation (classified as 501(c)(3) in the United States) to support Apache software projects, including the Apache HTTP Server. The ASF was formed from the Apache Group and incorporated in Delaware, U.S., in June 1999. The Apache Software Foundation is a decentralized community of developers. The software they produce is distributed under the terms of the Apache License and is therefore free and open source software (FOSS). The Apache projects are characterized by a collaborative, consensus-based development process and an open and pragmatic software license. Each project is managed by a self-selected team of technical experts who are active contributors to the project. The ASF is a meritocracy, implying that membership to the foundation is granted only to volunteers who have actively contributed to Apache projects. The ASF is considered a second generation open-source organization. Among the ASF's objectives are to provide legal protection to volunteers working on Apache projects, and to prevent the Apache brand name from being used by other organizations without permission. The ASF also holds several ApacheCon conferences each year, highlighting Apache projects, related technology, and encouraging Apache developers to gather together. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Apache Software Foundation) 2 6 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3371-chart-wp.html pdi The Versit Consortium was a multivendor initiative founded by Apple Computer, AT&T, IBM and Siemens in the early 1990s in order to create Personal Data Interchange (PDI) technology, open specifications for exchanging personal data over the Internet, wired and wireless connectivity and Computer Telephony Integration (CTI). The Consortium started a number of projects to deliver open specifications aimed at creating industry standards. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Personal data interchange) 1 5 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3417-chart-wp.html iconclass Iconclass is a specialized library classification designed for art and iconography. It was originally conceived by Henri van de Waal, and was further developed by a group of scholars after his death. The Iconclass system is probably the largest classification system for cultural content. Initially designed for historical imagery, it is now also used to create subject access to texts and to classify a wide range of images, including modern photography. At the moment it contains over 28,000 unique concepts (classification types) and has an entry vocabulary of 14,000 keywords. It can be consulted with the help of the freely available Iconclass 2100 browser. Iconclass was developed in the Netherlands as a standard classification for recording collections, with the idea of assembling huge databases that will allow the retrieval of images featuring particular details, subjects or other common factors. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Iconclass) 1 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3475-chart-wp.html rslp The Research Support Libraries Programme (RSLP) was a national initiative, funded by the four higher education funding bodies. It has brought together both traditional and new forms of access to library information, with specific reference to support for research. While the principal beneficiaries of the Programme have been researchers and their postgraduate research students in UK higher education institutions (HEIs), there have also been significant benefits for other groups. It started in the academic year 1999-2000 and finished on 31 July 2002. (Excerpt from this source) 42 162 2.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3480-chart-wp.html xml namespaces XML namespaces are used for providing uniquely named elements and attributes in an XML document. They are defined in a W3C recommendation. An XML instance may contain element or attribute names from more than one XML vocabulary. If each vocabulary is given a namespace then the ambiguity between identically named elements or attributes can be resolved. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: XML Namespace) 7 9 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3699-chart-wp.html jpg In computing, JPEG is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital photography (image). The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: JPEG) 16 31 0.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3746-chart-wp.html content syndication Web syndication is a form of syndication in which website material is made available to multiple other sites. Most commonly, web syndication refers to making web feeds available from a site in order to provide other people with a summary or update of the website's recently added content (for example, the latest news or forum posts). The term can also be used to describe other kinds of licensing website content so that other websites can use it. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Content syndication) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3794-chart-wp.html archives hub The Archives Hub is a gateway to descriptions of archives for education and research. It represents archives held in UK universities, colleges and other institutions. It holds over 20,000 collection level descriptions of archives on all manner of subjects, and also has thousands of descriptions of series or of individual items within collections. The Hub has nearly 200 contributors across the UK. Each description on the Hub provides a link to the contact details for the repository that holds the archive. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Archives Hub) 21 86 1.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3853-chart-wp.html marc21 MARC is an acronym, used in the field of library science, that stands for MAchine-Readable Cataloging. The MARC standards consist of the MARC formats, which are standards for the representation and communication of bibliographic and related information in machine-readable form, and related documentation. It defines a bibliographic data format that was developed by Henriette Avram at the Library of Congress beginning in the 1960s. It provides the protocol by which computers exchange, use, and interpret bibliographic information. Its data elements make up the foundation of most library catalogs used today. The record structure of MARC is an implementation of ISO 2709, also known as ANSI/NISO Z39.2. MARC records are composed of three elements: the record structure, the content designation, and the data content of the record. The record structure implements national and international standards (e.g., Z39.2, ISO2709). The content designation is "the codes and conventions established to identify explicitly and characterize ... data elements within a record" and support their manipulation. The content of data elements in MARC records is defined by standards outside the formats such as AACR2, L.C. Subject Headings, and MeSH. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: MARC standards) 13 26 0.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3865-chart-wp.html dcmes The Simple Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (DCMES) consists of 15 metadata elements. Each Dublin Core element is optional and may be repeated. The DCMI has established standard ways to refine elements and encourage the use of encoding and vocabulary schemes. There is no prescribed order in Dublin Core for presenting or using the elements. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (DCMES) ) 5 13 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/3912-chart-wp.html rtsp The Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) is a network control protocol designed for use in entertainment and communications systems to control streaming media servers. The protocol is used for establishing and controlling media sessions between end points. Clients of media servers issue VCR-like commands, such as play and pause, to facilitate real-time control of playback of media files from the server. The transmission of streaming data itself is not a task of the RTSP protocol. Most RTSP servers use the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) for media stream delivery, however some vendors implement proprietary transport protocols. The RTSP server from RealNetworks, for example, also features RealNetworks' proprietary RDT stream transport. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Real Time Streaming Protocol) 1 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4042-chart-wp.html raster graphics In computer graphics, a raster graphics image or bitmap is a data structure representing a generally rectangular grid of pixels, or points of color, viewable via a monitor, paper, or other display medium. Raster images are stored in image files with varying formats. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Raster graphics) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4070-chart-wp.html vml Vector Markup Language (VML) is a deprecated XML language used to produce vector graphics. VML was submitted as a proposed standard to the W3C in 1998 by Autodesk, Hewlett-Packard, Macromedia, Microsoft, and Visio. Around the same time other competing W3C submissions were received in the area of web vector graphics, such as PGML from Adobe Systems, Sun Microsystems, and others. As a result of these submissions, a new W3C working group was created, which produced Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG). SVG became a W3C Recommendation in 2001 as a language for describing two-dimensional vector and mixed vector/raster graphics in XML. VML has been largely deprecated in favor of other formats, such as SVG. SVG is not compatible with VML. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: VML) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4088-chart-wp.html swf SWF is a file format for multimedia, vector graphics and ActionScript in the Adobe Flash environment. Originating with FutureWave Software, then transferred to Macromedia, and then coming under the control of Adobe, SWF files can contain animations or applets of varying degrees of interactivity and function. Currently, SWF functions as the dominant format for displaying "animated" vector graphics on the Web. It may also be used for programs, commonly browser games, using ActionScript. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SWF) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4207-chart-wp.html wsdl The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that provides a model for describing Web services. The meaning of the acronym has changed from version 1.1 where the D stood for Definition. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: WSDL) 10 46 0.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4253-chart-wp.html uddi Universal Description, Discovery and Integration (UDDI, pronounced Yu-diː) is a platform-independent, Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based registry for businesses worldwide to list themselves on the Internet and a mechanism to register and locate web service applications. UDDI is an open industry initiative, sponsored by the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS), enabling businesses to publish service listings and discover each other and define how the services or software applications interact over the Internet. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: UDDI) 12 41 0.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4257-chart-wp.html service registry A service registry is a network service that stores and makes available descriptions of (i.e. metadata about) services and the content of collections made available through those services. A service registry is used by portals to determine what collections are available to end-users, and by portals, brokers and aggregators to determine how to interact with available network services. (Excerpt from JISC Information Environment Glossary) 23 70 1.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4258-chart-wp.html tomcat Apache Tomcat (or Jakarta Tomcat or simply Tomcat) is an open source servlet container developed by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). Tomcat implements the Java Servlet and the JavaServer Pages (JSP) specifications from Sun Microsystems, and provides a "pure Java" HTTP web server environment for Java code to run. Tomcat should not be confused with the Apache web server, which is a C implementation of an HTTP web server; these two web servers are not bundled together. Apache Tomcat includes tools for configuration and management, but can also be configured by editing XML configuration files. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Apache Tomcat) 11 20 0.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4283-chart-wp.html drm Digital rights management (DRM) is a term for access control technologies that are used by hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders and individuals to limit the use of digital content and devices. The term is used to describe any technology that inhibits uses of digital content that is not desired or intended by the content provider. The term does not generally refer to other forms of copy protection, which can be circumvented without modifying the file or device, such as serial numbers or keyfiles. It can also refer to restrictions associated with specific instances of digital works or devices. Digital rights management is used by companies such as Sony, Amazon, Apple Inc., Microsoft, AOL and the BBC. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Digital rights management) 21 84 1.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4376-chart-wp.html repec Research Papers in Economics (RePEc) is a collaborative effort of hundreds of volunteers in 57 countries to enhance the dissemination of research in economics. The heart of the project is a decentralized database of working papers, preprints, journal articles and software components. The project started in 1997. Its precursor NetEc dates back to 1993. Using its IDEAS database, RePEc provides links to over 700,000 full text articles. Most contributions are freely downloadable, but copyright remains with the author or copyright holder. It is among the largest internet repositories of academic material in the world. Materials to RePEc can be added through a department or institutional archive or, if no institutional archive is available, through the Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA). Institutions are welcome to join and contribute their materials by establishing and maintaining their own RePEc archive. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Research Papers in Economics) 7 18 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4411-chart-wp.html learning design Instructional Design (also called Instructional Systems Design (ISD)) is the practice of maximizing the effectiveness, efficiency and appeal of instruction and other learning experiences. The process consists broadly of determining the current state and needs of the learner, defining the end goal of instruction, and creating some "intervention" to assist in the transition. Ideally the process is informed by pedagogically (process of teaching) and andragogically (adult learning) tested theories of learning and may take place in student-only, teacher-led or community-based settings. The outcome of this instruction may be directly observable and scientifically measured or completely hidden and assumed. There are many instructional design models but many are based on the ADDIE model with the five phases: 1) analysis, 2) design, 3) development, 4) implementation, and 5) evaluation. As a field, instructional design is historically and traditionally rooted in cognitive and behavioral psychology. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Instructional design) 7 8 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4417-chart-wp.html techwatch report TechWatch's main output is its peer reviewed, horizon scanning reports. Originally, these reports focused exclusively on technologies and standards, but as the impact of new technologies has become much more interwoven with legal and social issues, the reports have changed slightly to accommodate this. So, whilst the focus of the reports is still primarily on technology and standards, it is inevitable that discussion of a particular technology may also need to encompass an awareness of the social impact of that technology. (Excerpt from this source) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4432-chart-wp.html biometrics Biometrics consists of methods for uniquely recognizing humans based upon one or more intrinsic physical or behavioral traits. In computer science, in particular, biometrics is used as a form of identity access management and access control. It is also used to identify individuals in groups that are under surveillance. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Biometrics) 3 3 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4511-chart-wp.html j2ee Java Platform, Enterprise Edition or Java EE is a widely used platform for server programming in the Java programming language. The Java platform (Enterprise Edition) differs from the Java Standard Edition Platform (Java SE) in that it adds libraries which provide functionality to deploy fault-tolerant, distributed, multi-tier Java software, based largely on modular components running on an application server. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Java Platform, Enterprise Edition) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4795-chart-wp.html content packaging A content package is a file containing content and metadata. A content package is used in e-learning to define some learning content or an assessment that can be delivered, for example by a Learning Management System. It's a standard way of describing learning content that can be read by many programs. The most widely used content packaging format is that defined by IMS Global, which uses an XML manifest file called imsmanifest.xml wrapped up inside a zip file. The learning content itself is either included in the zip file if it is HTML or other media that can run on its own, or else is referenced as a URL from within the manifest. The IMS format was used by SCORM to define their packaging format, and typically every SCORM content object (SCO) is defined by a content package. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Content package) 7 4 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4871-chart-wp.html uml Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standardized general-purpose modeling language in the field of object-oriented software engineering. The standard is managed, and was created by, the Object Management Group. UML includes a set of graphic notation techniques to create visual models of object-oriented software-intensive systems. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: UML) 4 9 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4912-chart-wp.html wsrp Web Services for Remote Portlets (WSRP) is an OASIS-approved network protocol standard designed for communications with remote portlets. The WSRP specification defines a web service interface for interacting with presentation-oriented web services. Initial work was produced through the joint efforts of the Web Services for Interactive Applications (WSIA) and Web Services for Remote Portlets (WSRP) OASIS Technical Committees. With the approval of WSRP v1 as an OASIS standard in September, 2003, these two technical committees merged and continued the work as the Web Services for Remote Portlets (WSRP) OASIS Technical Committee. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: WSRP) 13 64 0.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4949-chart-wp.html iesr The JISC Information Environment Service Registry (IESR) provides a registry of all "significant research collections in the UK" and supports "teaching, learning and research". It is funded by the JISC under its Shared Infrastructure Services programme. The IESR aims to provide a 'Yellow Pages for the academic internet' accessible through web and machine interfaces. It provides a reliable source of information that other applications, such as portals, can freely access through machine-to-machine protocols, in order to help their end users discover resources of assistance to them. IESR contains information about the resources themselves, technical details about how to access the resources, and contact details for the resource providers. IESR is a Mimas service based at the University of Manchester. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: IESR) 14 96 0.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5130-chart-wp.html authorisation service An authorisation service is a structured network service that indicates whether a particular digital ID has the necessary access-rights to access a particular resource. (Excerpt from JISC Information Environment Glossary) 4 4 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5163-chart-wp.html oxford university computing services Oxford University Computing Services (OUCS) provides the central Information Technology services for the University of Oxford. The service is based at 13 Banbury Road in central north Oxford, England, near the junction with Keble Road. Oxford University Computing Services offers facilities, training and advice to members of the University in all aspects of academic computing. OUCS is responsible for the core networks reaching all departments and colleges of Oxford University. OUCS is made up of 5 technical and one administration group. Each group has responsibility for different aspects of OUCS services supplied to the University. The 5 technical groups are: Learning Technologies, Information and Support, Network Systems Management Services, Infrastructure Systems and Services Group, and Network and Telecommunications. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Oxford University Computing Services) 16 23 0.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5166-chart-wp.html terminology service A terminology service is a structured network service that offers terminolgy-related services, for example mapping a term from one controlled vocabulary to another or expanding terms within a thesaurus (Excerpt from JISC Information Environment Glossary) 2 5 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5236-chart-wp.html infrastructure service Infrastructure service provides a range of shared structured network services called on by content providers, brokers, aggregators, indexes, catalogues and portals. Infrastructural services include authentication, authorisation, service registry, user preferences, resolver, institutional profile, metadata schema registry and terminology services. (Excerpt from JISC Information Environment Glossary) 3 3 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5551-chart-wp.html z39.88 OpenURL is a standardized format (Z39.88) of Uniform Resource Locator (URL) intended to enable Internet users to more easily find a copy of a resource that they are allowed to access. Although OpenURL can be used with any kind of resource on the Internet, it is most heavily used by libraries to help connect patrons to subscription content. The OpenURL standard is designed to enable linking from information resources such as abstracting and indexing databases (sources) to library services (targets), such as academic journals, whether online or in printed or other formats. The linking is mediated by "link resolvers", or "link-servers", which parse the elements of an OpenURL and provide links to appropriate targets available through a library by the use of an OpenURL knowledge base. The source that generates an OpenURL is typically a bibliographic citation or bibliographic record in a database that indexes the information resources often found in libraries, such as articles, books, patents, etc. Examples of such databases include Ovid, Web of Science, SciFinder, Modern Languages Association Bibliography and Google Scholar. A target is a resource or service that helps satisfy a user's information needs. Examples of targets include full-text repositories, online journals, online library catalogs and other Web resources and services. The National Information Standards Organization (NISO) has developed OpenURL and its data container (the ContextObject) as American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard Z39.88. On 22 June 2006, the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) was named the maintenance agency for the standard. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: OpenUrl) 7 11 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5665-chart-wp.html vcard vCard is a file format standard for electronic business cards. vCards are often attached to e-mail messages, but can be exchanged in other ways, such as on the World Wide Web or Instant Messaging. They can contain name and address information, phone numbers, e-mail addresses, URLs, logos, photographs, and even audio clips. Versitcard was originally proposed in 1995 by the Versit Consortium, which consisted of Apple, AT&T Technologies (later Lucent), IBM and Siemens. In December 1996, ownership of the format was handed over to the Internet Mail Consortium, a trade association for companies with an interest in Internet e-mail. Version 2.1 of the vCard standard is widely supported by e-mail clients. Version 3.0 of the vCard format is an IETF standards-track proposal contained in RFC 2425 and RFC 2426. The vCardDAV working group of the IETF is updating the vCard format. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: vCard) 3 3 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5746-chart-wp.html uk lom core For UK Further and Higher Education, the most relevant family of application profiles for IEEE LOM standard are those based around the UK LOM Core. The UK LOM Core is currently a draft schema researched by a community of practitioners to identify common UK practice in learning object content, by comparing 12 metadata schemas. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: UK LOM Core) 6 20 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5749-chart-wp.html scorm Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) is a collection of standards and specifications for web-based e-learning. It defines communications between client side content and a host system called the run-time environment, which is commonly supported by a learning management system. SCORM also defines how content may be packaged into a transferable ZIP file called "Package Interchange Format". (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SCORM) 6 30 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5752-chart-wp.html xul XUL (XML User Interface Language) is an XML user interface markup language developed by the Mozilla project. XUL operates in Mozilla cross-platform applications such as Firefox and Flock. The Mozilla Gecko layout engine provides an implementation of XUL used in the Firefox browser. XUL relies on multiple existing web standards and web technologies, including CSS, JavaScript, and DOM. Such reliance makes XUL relatively easy to learn for people with a background in web-programming and design. XUL has no formal specification and does not inter-operate with non-Gecko implementations. However, it uses an open source implementation of Gecko, tri-licensed under the GPL, LGPL, and MPL. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: XUL) 2 3 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5825-chart-wp.html naan In relation to an Archive Resource Key (ARK), the Name Assigning Authority Number (NAAN) is a mandatory unique identifier of the organization that originally named the object. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Name Assigning Authority Number) 3 5 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5864-chart-wp.html object oriented software Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm using "objects" - data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions - to design applications and computer programs. Programming techniques may include features such as data abstraction, encapsulation, messaging, modularity, polymorphism, and inheritance. Many modern programming languages now support OOP. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Object oriented programming) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5892-chart-wp.html ogg Ogg is a free, open standard container format maintained by the Xiph.Org Foundation. The creators of the Ogg format state that it is unrestricted by software patents and is designed to provide for efficient streaming and manipulation of high quality digital multimedia. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Ogg) 5 9 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5894-chart-wp.html technorati Technorati is an Internet search engine for searching blogs. By June 2008, Technorati was indexing 112.8 million blogs and over 250 million pieces of tagged social media. The name Technorati is a blend of the words technology and literati, which invokes the notion of technological intelligence or intellectualism. Technorati uses and contributes to open source software. Technorati has an active software developer community, many of them from open-source culture. Sifry is a major open-source advocate, and was a founder of LinuxCare and later of Wi-Fi access point software developer Sputnik. Technorati includes a public developers' wiki, where developers and contributors collaborate, also various open APIs. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Technorati) 9 12 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5926-chart-wp.html cql Contextual Query Language (CQL), previously known as Common Query Language, is a formal language for representing queries to information retrieval systems such as search engines, bibliographic catalogs and museum collection information. Based on the semantics of Z39.50, its design objective is that queries be human readable and writable, and that the language be intuitive while maintaining the expressiveness of more complex query languages. It is being developed and maintained by the Z39.50 Maintenance Agency, part of the Library of Congress. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Contextual Query Language) 2 6 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5959-chart-wp.html mobi MOBI is the format used by the MobiPocket Reader. It may have a .mobi extension or it may have a .prc extension. The extension can be changed by the user to either of the accepted forms. In either case it may be DRM protected or non-DRM. The .prc extension is used because the PalmOS doesn't support any file extensions except .prc or .pdb. Note that Mobipocket prohibits their DRM format to be used on dedicated eBook readers that support other DRM formats. (Excerpt from this source) 5 7 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6064-chart-wp.html catalogue index A catalogue index is a network service that provides access to a machine-generated database of information derived from the content of items in a collection. (Excerpt from JISC Information Environment Glossary) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6083-chart-wp.html resource description and access Resource Description and Access or RDA is a set of instructions for the cataloguing of books and other materials held in libraries and other cultural organizations such as museums and galleries. RDA is the successor to the second edition of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR2), the current standard set of cataloguing guidelines for English language libraries. It was initially released in summer 2010, and in the United States, following widespread controversy amongst cataloguers, the three national libraries (Library of Congress, National Library of Medicine, and the National Agricultural Library) organized a nation-wide test of the new standards. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Resource Description and Access) 20 248 1.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6088-chart-wp.html authority data Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD), formerly known as Functional Requirements for Authority Records (FRAR) is a conceptual entity-relationship model developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) for relating the data that are recorded in library authority records to the needs of the users of those records and facilitate and sharing of that data. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: FRAD) 6 8 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6089-chart-wp.html onix ONIX (ONline Information eXchange) currently refers to any of three XML formats for use primarily within the book trade. ONIX was originally a single standard for capturing bibliographic data relating to books. That standard is now referred to as ONIX for Books and has been expanded to include better support for eBooks. A second ONIX standard, ONIX for Serials has been added to capture metadata pertaining to serialised publications. There is also a third standard, ONIX for Publications Licenses (ONIX-PL), designed to handle the licenses under which libraries and other institutions use digital resources. According to EDItEUR, one of the principal organisations behind the creation of the ONIX standards, ONIX is: "an XML-based family of international standards intended to support computer-to-computer communication between parties involved in creating, distributing, licensing or otherwise making available intellectual property in published form, whether physical or digital. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Onix) 10 35 0.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6133-chart-wp.html name mapping authority In relation to an Archive Resource Key (ARK), the Name Mapping Authority Host (NMAH) is an optional and replaceable hostname of an organization that currently provides service for the object. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Name Mapping Authority) 3 5 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6141-chart-wp.html ndiipp The National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) is an archival program led by the Library of Congress to archive and provide access to digital resources. The U.S. Congress established the program in 2000. The Library was chosen because of its mission to "sustain and preserve a universal collection of knowledge and creativity for future generations," and also because of its role as one of the leading providers of high-quality content on the Internet. The Library of Congress has formed a national network of partners dedicated to preserving specific types of digital content that is at risk of loss. In July 2010, the Library launched a National Digital Stewardship Alliance (NDSA) to extend the work of NDIIPP to more institutions. NDSA has several is developing improved preservation standards and practices; working with experts to identify categories of digital information that are most worthy of preservation; and taking steps to incorporate content into a national collection. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: NDIIPP) 5 10 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6167-chart-wp.html instructional design Instructional Design (also called Instructional Systems Design (ISD)) is the practice of maximizing the effectiveness, efficiency and appeal of instruction and other learning experiences. The process consists broadly of determining the current state and needs of the learner, defining the end goal of instruction, and creating some "intervention" to assist in the transition. Ideally the process is informed by pedagogically (process of teaching) and andragogically (adult learning) tested theories of learning and may take place in student-only, teacher-led or community-based settings. The outcome of this instruction may be directly observable and scientifically measured or completely hidden and assumed. There are many instructional design models but many are based on the ADDIE model with the five phases: 1) analysis, 2) design, 3) development, 4) implementation, and 5) evaluation. As a field, instructional design is historically and traditionally rooted in cognitive and behavioral psychology. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Instructional design) 5 6 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6189-chart-wp.html didl Digital Item Declaration Language (DIDL) is an XML dialect standardized in MPEG-21. The schema files are available at MPEG. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: DIDL) 5 8 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6260-chart-wp.html heritrix Heritrix is the Internet Archive's web crawler, which was specially designed for web archiving. It is open-source and written in Java. The main interface is accessible using a web browser, and there is a command-line tool that can optionally be used to initiate crawls. Heritrix was developed jointly by Internet Archive and the Nordic national libraries on specifications written in early 2003. The first official release was in January 2004, and it has been continually improved by employees of the Internet Archive and other interested parties. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Heritrix) 2 10 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6338-chart-wp.html location-based services A location-based service (LBS) is an information or entertainment service, accessible with mobile devices through the mobile network and utilizing the ability to make use of the geographical position of the mobile device . LBS can be used in a variety of contexts, such as health, indoor object search, entertainment, work, personal life, etc. LBS include services to identify a location of a person or object, such as discovering the nearest banking cash machine or the whereabouts of a friend or employee. LBS include parcel tracking and vehicle tracking services. LBS can include mobile commerce when taking the form of coupons or advertising directed at customers based on their current location. They include personalized weather services and even location-based games. They are an example of telecommunication convergence. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Location-based service) 3 3 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6372-chart-wp.html jabber Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is an open-standard communications protocol for message-oriented middleware based on XML (Extensible Markup Language). The protocol was originally named Jabber, and was developed by the Jabber open-source community in 1999 for, originally, near-real-time, extensible instant messaging (IM), presence information, and contact list maintenance. Designed to be extensible, the protocol today also finds application in VoIP and file transfer signaling. Unlike most instant messaging protocols, XMPP uses an open systems approach of development and application, by which anyone may implement an XMPP service and interoperate with other organizations' implementations. The software implementation and many client applications are distributed as free and open source software. XMPP-based software is deployed widely across the Internet and by 2003 was used by over ten million people worldwide, according to the XMPP Standards Foundation. Apache Wave's federation protocol is an extension to the XMPP protocol. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Jabber) 2 5 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6457-chart-wp.html oucs Oxford University Computing Services (OUCS) provides the central Information Technology services for the University of Oxford. The service is based at 13 Banbury Road in central north Oxford, England, near the junction with Keble Road. Oxford University Computing Services offers facilities, training and advice to members of the University in all aspects of academic computing. OUCS is responsible for the core networks reaching all departments and colleges of Oxford University. OUCS is made up of 5 technical and one administration group. Each group has responsibility for different aspects of OUCS services supplied to the University. The 5 technical groups are: Learning Technologies, Information and Support, Network Systems Management Services, Infrastructure Systems and Services Group, and Network and Telecommunications. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Oxford University Computing Services) 4 5 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6515-chart-wp.html eportfolio An electronic portfolio, also known as an e-portfolio or digital portfolio, is a collection of electronic evidence assembled and managed by a user, usually on the Web. Such electronic evidence may include inputted text, electronic files, images, multimedia, blog entries, and hyperlinks. E-portfolios are both demonstrations of the user's abilities and platforms for self-expression, and, if they are online, they can be maintained dynamically over time. Some e-portfolio applications permit varying degrees of audience access, so the same portfolio might be used for multiple purposes. An e-portfolio can be seen as a type of learning record that provides actual evidence of achievement. Learning records are closely related to the Learning Plan, an emerging tool that is being used to manage learning by individuals, teams, communities of interest, and organizations. To the extent that a Personal Learning Environment captures and displays a learning record, it also might be understood to be an electronic portfolio. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: E-portfolio) 11 17 0.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6571-chart-wp.html lgpl The GNU Lesser General Public License (formerly the GNU Library General Public License) or LGPL is a free software license published by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). It was designed as a compromise between the strong-copyleft GNU General Public License or GPL and permissive licenses such as the BSD licenses and the MIT License. The GNU Library General Public License (as the LGPL was originally named) was published in 1991, and was the version number 2 for parity with GPL version 2. The LGPL was revised in minor ways in the 2.1 point release, published in 1999, when it was renamed the GNU Lesser General Public License to reflect the FSF's position that not all libraries should use it. Version 3 of the LGPL was published in 2007 as a list of additional permissions applied to GPL version 3. The LGPL places copyleft restrictions on the program itself but does not apply these restrictions to other software that merely links with the program. There are, however, certain other restrictions on this software. The LGPL is primarily used for software libraries, although it is also used by some stand-alone applications, most notably Mozilla and OpenOffice.org and sometimes media as well. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: GNU Lesser General Public License) 1 6 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6610-chart-wp.html qt Qt can refer to either QuickTime or Qt. QuickTime is an extensible proprietary multimedia framework developed by Apple Inc., capable of handling various formats of digital video, picture, sound, panoramic images, and interactivity. Qt is a also a cross-platform application framework that is widely used for developing application software with a graphical user interface (GUI) (in which cases Qt is referred to as a widget toolkit), and also used for developing non-GUI programs such as command-line tools and consoles for servers. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Qt) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6615-chart-wp.html iemsr IEMSR stands for 'Information Environment Metadata Schema Registry'. The IEMSR is a prototype service that is designed to collect and serve information about metadata sets such as: metadata schemas, application profiles, metadata elements and encodings. (Excerpt from this source) 5 94 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6706-chart-wp.html redland Redland is a set of free software libraries written in C that provide support for the Resource Description Framework (RDF), created by Dave Beckett (a former resident of Redland, Bristol). The packages that form Redland are: Redland RDF Application Framework providing the C RDF API; Raptor RDF Parser Toolkit for parsing and serializing RDF syntaxes (RDF/XML, N-Triples, Turtle, RSS tag soup, Atom); Rasqal RDF Query Library for executing RDF queries with RDQL and SPARQL; Redland Language Bindings for APIs to Redland in C#, Java, Objective-C, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby and Tcl. Redland is a mature set of libraries, in development since 2000 and closely conformant to the relevant W3C specifications. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Redland) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6722-chart-wp.html saml Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) is an XML-based open standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between security domains, that is, between an identity provider (a producer of assertions) and a service provider (a consumer of assertions). SAML is a product of the OASIS Security Services Technical Committee. The single most important problem that SAML is trying to solve is the Web Browser Single Sign-On (SSO) problem, a problem also addressed by the OpenID protocol. Single sign-on solutions are abundant at the intranet level (using cookies, for example) but extending these solutions beyond the intranet has been problematic and has led to the proliferation of non-interoperable proprietary technologies. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: SAML) 5 10 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6738-chart-wp.html xacml XACML stands for eXtensible Access Control Markup Language. It is a declarative access control policy language implemented in XML and a processing model, describing how to interpret the policies. Latest version 2.0 was ratified by OASIS standards organization on February 1, 2005. The planned version 3.0 will add generic attribute categories for the evaluation context and policy delegation profile (administrative policy profile). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: XACML) 6 10 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6757-chart-wp.html digital identity Digital identity is the aspect of digital technology that is concerned with the mediation of people's experience of their own identity and the identity of other people and things. Digital identity also has another common usage as the digital representation of a set of claims made by one digital subject about itself or another digital subject. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Digital identity) 4 4 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6759-chart-wp.html microformats A microformat is a web-based approach to semantic markup which seeks to re-use existing HTML/XHTML tags to convey metadata and other attributes in web pages and other contexts that support (X)HTML, such as RSS. This approach allows software to process information intended for end-users (such as contact information, geographic coordinates, calendar events, and the like) automatically. Although the content of web pages is technically already capable of "automated processing", and has been since the inception of the web, such processing is difficult because the traditional markup tags used to display information on the web do not describe what the information means. Microformats can bridge this gap by attaching semantics, and thereby obviate other, more complicated, methods of automated processing, such as natural language processing or screen scraping. The use, adoption and processing of microformats enables data items to be indexed, searched for, saved or cross-referenced, so that information can be reused or combined. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Microformat) 13 45 0.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6954-chart-wp.html agile development Agile software development is a group of software development methodologies based on iterative and incremental development, where requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration between self-organizing, cross-functional teams. The Agile Manifesto introduced the term in 2001. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Agile development) 5 6 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/6992-chart-wp.html cordra The Advanced Distributed Learning Registry was developed by the ADL Initiative and is the central search point for the discovery of digital objects related to DoD training, education, performance, and decision-aiding that can be redeployed, rearranged, repurposed, and rewritten. In much the same way that a card from the card catalog contains descriptive information about books in a library, the ADL Registry contains all of the registered entries that contain metadata about the digital object in a repository. "It is the first instance of a registry-based approach to repository federation resulting from the Content Object Repository Discovery and Registration/Resolution Architecture (CORDRA) project. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Content Object Repository Discovery and Registration/Resolution Architecture) 2 3 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7142-chart-wp.html programmable web ProgrammableWeb is a website featuring the latest on what's new and interesting with mashups, Web 2.0 APIs, and the Web as Platform. It's a directory, a news source, a reference guide, a community. (Excerpt from this source) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7244-chart-wp.html itunes iTunes is a proprietary digital media player application, used for playing and organizing digital music and video files. The application is also an interface to manage the contents on Apple's iPod, iPhone and iPad. iTunes can connect to the iTunes Store to purchase and download music, music videos, television shows, iPod Games, Audiobooks, Podcasts, movies and movie rentals (not available in all countries), and Ringtones (only available on iPhone and iPod Touch 4th Generation). It is also used to download Apps from the App Store for the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: iTunes) 18 25 1.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7278-chart-wp.html agris AGRIS (International System for Agricultural Science and Technology) is a global public domain Database with 2.6 millions structured bibliographical records on agricultural science and technology. The Database is maintained by FAO, and its content is provided by more than 150 participating institutions from 65 countries. The AGRIS Search system, accessible at http://agris.fao.org, allows scientists, researchers and students to perform sophisticated searches using keywords from the AGROVOC thesaurus, specific journal titles or names of countries, institutions, and authors. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: AGRIS) 1 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7414-chart-wp.html cybernetics Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the structure of regulatory systems. Cybernetics is closely related to control theory and systems theory. Both in its origins and in its evolution in the second half of the 20th century, cybernetics is equally applicable to physical and social (that is, language-based) systems. Cybernetics is most applicable when the system being analysed is involved in a closed signal loop; that is, where action by the system causes some change in its environment and that change is fed to the system via information (feedback) that causes the system to adapt to these new conditions: the system's changes affect its behavior. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Cybernetics) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7427-chart-wp.html codec A codec is a device or computer program capable of encoding and/or decoding a digital data stream or signal. The word codec is a portmanteau of 'compressor-decompressor' or, more commonly, 'coder-decoder'. A codec (the program) should not be confused with a coding or compression format or standard - a format is a document (the standard), a way of storing data, while a codec is a program (an implementation) which can read or write such files. In practice "codec" is sometimes used loosely to refer to formats, however. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: codec) 2 16 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7454-chart-wp.html context objects in spans ContextObjects in Spans, commonly abbreviated COinS, is a method to embed bibliographic metadata in the HTML code of web pages. This allows bibliographic software to publish machine-readable bibliographic items and client reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. The metadata can also be sent to an OpenURL resolver. This allows, for instance, searching for a copy of a book in one's own library. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: COinS) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7557-chart-wp.html ogc The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), an international voluntary consensus standards organization, originated in 1994. In the OGC, more than 400 commercial, governmental, nonprofit and research organizations worldwide collaborate in a consensus process encouraging development and implementation of open standards for geospatial content and services, GIS data processing and data sharing. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Open Geospatial Consortium) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7573-chart-wp.html wms Windows Media Services (WMS) is a streaming media server from Microsoft that allows an administrator to generate streaming media (audio/video). Only Windows Media, JPEG, and MP3 formats are supported. WMS is the successor of NetShow Services. In addition to streaming, WMS also has the ability to cache and record streams, enforce authentication, impose various connection limits, restrict access, use multiple protocols, generate usage statistics, and apply forward error correction (FEC). It can also handle a high number of concurrent connections making it ideal[weasel words] for content providers. Streams can also be distributed between servers as part of a distribution network where each server ultimately feeds a different network/audience. Both unicast and multicast streams are supported (multicast streams also utilize a proprietary and partially encrypted Windows Media Station (*.nsc) file for use by a player.) Typically, Windows Media Player is used to decode and watch/listen to the streams, but other players are also capable of playing unencrypted Windows Media content (Microsoft Silverlight, VLC, MPlayer, etc.). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Windows Media Services) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7574-chart-wp.html social software Social software applications include communication tools and interactive tools. Communication tools typically handle the capturing, storing and presentation of communication, usually written but increasingly including audio and video as well. Interactive tools handle mediated interactions between a pair or group of users. They focus on establishing and maintaining a connection among users, facilitating the mechanics of conversation and talk. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Social software) 20 35 1.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7615-chart-wp.html librarything LibraryThing is a social cataloging web application for storing and sharing book catalogs and various types of book metadata. It is used by individuals, authors, libraries and publishers. Based in Portland, Maine, LibraryThing was developed by Tim Spalding and went live on August 29, 2005. As of April 2011 it has over 1,300,000 users and more than 61 million books catalogued. The primary feature of LibraryThing is the cataloging of books by importing data from libraries through Z39.50 connections and from six Amazon.com stores. Library sources supply MARC and Dublin Core records to LT; users can import information from 690 libraries, including the Library of Congress, National Library of Australia, the Canadian National Catalogue, the British Library, and Yale University. Should a record not be available from any of these sources, it is also possible to add the book information by using a blank form. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: LibraryThing) 10 26 0.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7711-chart-wp.html opml OPML (Outline Processor Markup Language) is an XML format for outlines (defined as "a tree, where each node contains a set of named attributes with string values"). Originally developed by Radio UserLand as a native file format for an outliner application, it has since been adopted for other uses, the most common being to exchange lists of web feeds between web feed aggregators. The OPML specification defines an outline as a hierarchical, ordered list of arbitrary elements. The specification is fairly open which makes it suitable for many types of list data. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: OPML) 2 4 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7784-chart-wp.html mashup In Web development, a mashup is a Web page or application that uses and combines data, presentation or functionality from two or more sources to create new services. The term implies easy, fast integration, frequently using open APIs and data sources to produce enriched results that were not necessarily the original reason for producing the raw source data. The main characteristics of the mashup are combination, visualization, and aggregation. It is important to make existing data more useful, moreover for personal and professional use. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Mashup) 22 76 1.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7788-chart-wp.html xcri The over-arching goals for the Distributed e-Learning (DeL) programme are to facilitate lifelong learning, enhance learner experience and support the widening participation agenda. These goals are predicated on the availability of accurate and relevant information about opportunities for learners. However, the sheer volume of programmes available and the range of disparate individuals who might usefully require or impart information about them means that HE and FE institutions face significant logistical, cultural and structural challenges in ensuring that programmes as they are advertised match programmes as they are approved and delivered. It is imperative to provide definitive specifications that describe accurately the learning opportunities that will be offered in particular locations at particular times. XCRI will be working with institutions and key partners, such as UCAS, to produce a definitive, standards-based XML description that can be transformed as necessary to satisfy the needs of different audiences. Project start date: 2005-04-01. Project end date: 2006-03-31. (Excerpt from this source) 6 9 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7794-chart-wp.html bpel Business Process Execution Language (BPEL), short for Web Services Business Process Execution Language (WS-BPEL) is an OASIS standard executable language for specifying actions within business processes with web services. Processes in Business Process Execution Language export and import information by using web service interfaces exclusively. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: BPEL) 2 6 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7839-chart-wp.html wikimania Wikimania is an annual international conference for users of the wiki projects operated by the Wikimedia Foundation (such as Wikipedia and other sister projects). Topics of presentations and discussions include Wikimedia Foundation projects, other wikis, open source software, free knowledge and free content, and the different social and technical aspects which relate to these topics. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Wikimania) 1 3 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7965-chart-wp.html theora Theora is a free lossy video compression format. It is developed by the Xiph.Org Foundation and distributed without licensing fees alongside their other free and open media projects, including the Vorbis audio format and the Ogg container. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Theora) 1 4 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7981-chart-wp.html wmv Windows Media Video (WMV) is a video compression format for several proprietary codecs developed by Microsoft. The original video format, known as WMV, was originally designed for Internet streaming applications, as a competitor to RealVideo. The other formats, such as WMV Screen and WMV Image, cater for specialized content. Through standardization from the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), WMV 9 has gained adoption for physical-delivery formats such as HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: WMV) 1 4 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7990-chart-wp.html h.264 H.264 / MPEG-4 Part 10 or AVC (Advanced Video Coding) is a standard for video compression, and is currently one of the most commonly used formats for the recording, compression, and distribution of high definition video. The final drafting work on the first version of the standard was completed in May 2003. H.264 is perhaps best known as being one of the codec standards for Blu-ray Discs; all Blu-ray players must be able to decode H.264. It is also widely used by streaming internet sources, such as videos from Vimeo, YouTube, and the iTunes Store, web software such as the Adobe Flash Player and Microsoft Silverlight, broadcast services for DVB and SBTVD, direct-broadcast satellite television services, cable television services, and real-time videoconferencing. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: H.264) 1 3 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7993-chart-wp.html h.263 H.263 is a video compression standard originally designed as a low-bitrate compressed format for videoconferencing. It was developed by the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) in a project ending in 1995/1996 as one member of the H.26x family of video coding standards in the domain of the ITU-T. H.263 has since found many applications on the internet: much Flash Video content (as used on sites such as YouTube, Google Video, MySpace, etc.) used to be encoded in Sorenson Spark format (an incomplete implementation of H.263), though many sites now use VP6 or H.264 encoding. The original version of the RealVideo codec was based on H.263 up until the release of RealVideo 8. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: H.263) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8000-chart-wp.html vra The Visual Resources Association (also known as VRA) is an international organization for image media professionals, VRA was founded in 1982 by slide librarians (visual resources curators) who were members of the College Art Association (CAA), the South Eastern Art Conference (SECAC), the Art Libraries Society of North America (ARLIS/NA), and the Mid-America College Art Association (MACAA). The association is concerned with creating, describing, and distributing digital images and other media; educating image professionals; and developing standards. The Visual Resources Association Foundation, a 501 C-3 organization created by the VRA, supports research and education in visual resources, and provides educational, literary, and scientific outreach to the archival and library community and the general public. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: VRA) 4 5 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8026-chart-wp.html agrovoc AGROVOC was first developed in the 1980s as a multilingual structured thesaurus for all subject fields in agriculture, forestry, fisheries, food and related domains (e.g. environment). Its main purpose was to standardize the indexing process for the AGRIS database in order to make searching simpler and more efficient, and to guide the user to the most relevant resources. In the last 10 years, use of AGROVOC has considerably expanded to the point where it is now a tool for organization of explicit knowledge and development of ontologies and multilingual search functionality. AGROVOC has been transformed into a concept server as well as a term-based thesaurus. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: AGROVOC) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8058-chart-wp.html git Git is a distributed revision control system with an emphasis on speed. Git was initially designed and developed by Linus Torvalds for Linux kernel development. Every Git working directory is a full-fledged repository with complete history and full revision tracking capabilities, not dependent on network access or a central server. Git's current software maintenance is overseen by Junio Hamano. Git is free software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Git) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8141-chart-wp.html webinar Web conferencing refers to a service that allows conferencing events to be shared with remote locations. Most vendors also provide either a recorded copy of an event, or a means for a subscriber to record an event. The service allows information to be shared simultaneously, across geographically dispersed locations in nearly real-time. Applications for web conferencing include meetings, training events, lectures, or short presentations from any computer. A participant can be either an individual person or a group. System requirements that allow individuals within a group to participate as individuals (e.g. when an audience participant asks a question) depend on the size of the group. Handling such requirements is often the responsibility of the group. In general, system requirements depend on the vendor. The service is made possible by Internet technologies, particularly on IP/TCP connections. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Web conferencing) 5 8 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8144-chart-wp.html relax ng In computing, RELAX NG (REgular LAnguage for XML Next Generation) is a schema language for XML, based on Murata Makoto's RELAX and James Clark's TREX. A RELAX NG schema specifies a pattern for the structure and content of an XML document. A RELAX NG schema is itself an XML document; however, RELAX NG also offers a popular compact, non-XML syntax. Compared to other popular schema languages, RELAX NG is relatively simple. It was defined by a committee specification of the OASIS RELAX NG technical committee in 2001 and 2002, and also by part two of the international standard ISO/IEC 19757: Document Schema Definition Languages (DSDL). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: RELAX NG) 2 3 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8162-chart-wp.html edrms Electronic Document and Records Management System (EDRMS) is a type of content management system and refers to the combined technologies of document management and records management systems as an integrated system. Electronic document and records management aims to enable organizations to manage documents and records throughout the document life-cycle, from creation to destruction. Typically, systems consider a document a work in progress until it has undergone review, approval, lock-down and (potentially) publication, at which point it becomes a formal record within the organization. Once a document achieves the status of a record, the organization may apply best-practice or legally enforced retention policies which state how the second half of the record life-cycle will progress. This typically involves retention (and protection from change), until some events occur which relate to the record and which trigger the final disposition schedule to apply to the record. Eventually, typically at a set time after these events, the record undergoes destruction. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: EDRMS) 2 4 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8217-chart-wp.html bmp The BMP File Format, also known as Bitmap Image File or Device Independent Bitmap (DIB) file format or simply a Bitmap, is a Raster graphics image file format used to store bitmap digital images, independently of the display device (such as a graphics adapter), especially on Microsoft Windows and OS/2 operating systems. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: BMP) 3 8 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8399-chart-wp.html hcard hCard is a microformat for publishing the contact details (which might be no more than the name) of people, companies, organizations, and places, in (X)HTML, Atom, RSS, or arbitrary XML. The hCard microformat does this using a 1:1 representation of vCard (RFC 2426) properties and values, identified using HTML classes and rel attributes. It allows parsing tools (for example other websites, or Firefox's Operator extension) to extract the details, and display them, using some other websites or mapping tools, index or search them, or to load them into an address-book program. In May 2009, Google announced that they would be parsing the hCard, hReview and hProduct microformats, and using them to populate search-result pages. In September 2010 Google announced their intention to surface hCard, hReview information in their local search results. In February 2011, Facebook began using hCard to mark up event venues. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: hCard) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8442-chart-wp.html wayf The Shibboleth 'where are you from service' (WAYF) provides the user with a list of institutional identity providers (IdPs) and allows them to choose at which one they wish to authenticate. The WAYF then redirects the user to the chosen IdP. (Excerpt from this source) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8443-chart-wp.html fao The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is a specialised agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. FAO is also a source of knowledge and information, and helps developing countries and countries in transition modernise and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all. Its Latin motto, fiat panis, translates into English as "let there be bread". As of 8 August 2008, FAO has 191 members states along with the European Union and the Faroe Islands, which are associate members (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Food and Agriculture Organization) 3 5 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8574-chart-wp.html local storage What I will refer to as 'HTML5 Storage' is a specification named Web Storage, which was at one time part of the HTML5 specification proper, but was split out into its own specification for uninteresting political reasons. Certain browser vendors also refer to it as 'Local Storage' or 'DOM Storage.' Simply put, it's a way for web pages to store named key/value pairs locally, within the client web browser. Like cookies, this data persists even after you navigate away from the web site, close your browser tab, exit your browser, or what have you. Unlike cookies, this data is never transmitted to the remote web server (unless you go out of your way to send it manually). Unlike all previous attempts at providing persistent local storage, it is implemented natively in web browsers, so it is available even when third-party browser plugins are not. (Excerpt from this source) 3 4 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8621-chart-wp.html open library Open Library is an online project intended to create 'one web page for every book ever published'. Open Library is a project of the non-profit Internet Archive and has been funded in part by a grant from the California State Library and the Kahle/Austin Foundation. Open Library began in 2006 with Aaron Swartz as the original engineer and leader of Open Library's technical team. The project is now led by George Oates. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Open Library) 4 7 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8829-chart-wp.html domain model A domain model in problem solving and software engineering can be thought of as a conceptual model of a domain of interest (often referred to as a problem domain) which describes the various entities, their attributes and relationships, plus the constraints that govern the integrity of the model elements comprising that problem domain. The domain model is created in order to represent the vocabulary and key concepts of the problem domain. The domain model also identifies the relationships among all the entities within the scope of the problem domain, and commonly identifies their attributes. A domain model that encapsulates methods within the entities is more properly associated with object oriented models. The domain model provides a structural view of the domain that can be complemented by other dynamic views, such as Use Case models. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Domain model) 6 16 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8866-chart-wp.html sword project SWORD Project has developed a lightweight protocol for depositing content from one location to another. It stands for Simple Web-service Offering Repository Deposit and is a profile of the Atom Publishing Protocol (known as APP or ATOMPUB). SWORD has been funded by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) to develop the SWORD profile and a number of demonstration implementations. The SWORD vision is 'lowering the barriers to deposit', principally for depositing content (any content!) into repositories, but potentially for depositing into any system which wants to receive content from remote sources. (Excerpt from this source) 3 13 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/8992-chart-wp.html cdwa Categories for the Description of Works of Art (CDWA) describes the content of art databases by articulating a conceptual framework for describing and accessing information about works of art, architecture, other material culture, groups and collections of works, and related images. The CDWA includes 512 categories and subcategories. A small subset of categories are considered core in that they represent the minimum information necessary to identify and describe a work. The CDWA includes discussions, basic guidelines for cataloging, and examples. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: CDWA) 3 9 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9096-chart-wp.html ulan The Union List of Artist Names (ULAN) is a controlled vocabulary currently containing around 293,000 names and other information about artists. Names in ULAN may include given names, pseudonyms, variant spellings, names in multiple languages, and names that have changed over time (e.g., married names). Among these names, one is flagged as the preferred name. Although it is displayed as a list, ULAN is structured as a thesaurus, compliant with ISO and NISO standards for thesaurus construction; it contains hierarchical, equivalence, and associative relationships. The focus of each ULAN record is an artist. Currently there are around 120,000 artists in the ULAN. In the database, each artist record (also called a subject in this manual) is identified by a unique numeric ID. Linked to each artist record are names, related artists, sources for the data, and notes. The temporal coverage of the ULAN ranges from Antiquity to the present and the scope is global. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Union List of Artist Names) 1 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9101-chart-wp.html common cartridge The Common Cartridge defines a new package interchange format for learning content, able to run on any compliant LMS platform. Version 1.0 supports the following features: rich content (html, xml, web links, media files); integrated assessments; discussion forums; authorisation for protected content. (Excerpt from this source) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9187-chart-wp.html microblogging Microblogging is a broadcast medium in the form of blogging. A microblog differs from a traditional blog in that its content is typically smaller in both actual and aggregate file size. Microblogs "allow users to exchange small elements of content such as short sentences, individual images, or video links". As with traditional blogging, microbloggers post about topics ranging from the simple, such as "what I'm doing right now," to the thematic, such as "sports cars." Commercial microblogs also exist, to promote websites, services and/or products, and to promote collaboration within an organization. Some microblogging services offer features such as privacy settings, which allow users to control who can read their microblogs, or alternative ways of publishing entries besides the web-based interface. These may include text messaging, instant messaging, E-mail, or digital audio. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Microblogging) 7 10 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13883-chart-wp.html oerbital OeRBITAL will use a combination of its extensive network of bioscience practitioners in the field working with Learned Societies and subject associations, with existing open search facilities, to compile a coherent authoritative OER collection of bioscience-related teaching and learning resources. A wiki approach will be used as a framework around which to form the collection. Project start date: 2010-08-31. Project end date: 2011-08-31. (Excerpt from this source) 1 4 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13884-chart-wp.html jpeg 2000 JPEG 2000 is an image compression standard and coding system. It was created by the Joint Photographic Experts Group committee in 2000 with the intention of superseding their original discrete cosine transform-based JPEG standard (created in 1992) with a newly designed, wavelet-based method. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: JPEG 2000) 3 3 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9212-chart-wp.html request for comments In computer network engineering, a Request for Comments (RFC) is a memorandum published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) describing methods, behaviors, research, or innovations applicable to the working of the Internet and Internet-connected systems. Through the Internet Society, engineers and computer scientists may publish discourse in the form of an RFC, either for peer review or simply to convey new concepts, information, or (occasionally) engineering humor. The IETF adopts some of the proposals published as RFCs as Internet standards. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Request for comments) 2 4 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9505-chart-wp.html freebase Freebase is a large collaborative knowledge base consisting of metadata composed mainly by its community members. It is an online collection of structured data harvested from many sources, including individual 'wiki' contributions. Freebase aims to create a global resource which allows people (and machines) to access common information more effectively. It was developed by the American software company Metaweb and has been running publicly since March 2007. Metaweb was acquired by Google in a private sale announced July 16, 2010. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Freebase (database)) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9555-chart-wp.html powr The aim of the POWR project work was to raise awareness amongst the web manager community of the need to incorporate preservation strategy into key stages of the web management process, the implicit assumption being that there has, to date, been insufficient sharing of practice and transferral of knowledge between the UK HE/FE Web Management community and other groups responsible for digital preservation and records management processes. (Excerpt from this source) 9 42 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9572-chart-wp.html icalendar iCalendar is a computer file format which allows Internet users to send meeting requests and tasks to other Internet users, via email, or sharing files with an extension of .ics. Recipients of the iCalendar data file (with supporting software, such as an email client or calendar application) can respond to the sender easily or counter propose another meeting date/time. iCalendar is used and supported by a large number of products, including Google Calendar, Apple iCal, GoDaddy Online Group Calendar, IBM Lotus Notes, Yahoo! Calendar and partially also by Microsoft Outlook. iCalendar is designed to be independent of the transport protocol. For example, certain events can be sent by traditional email or whole calendar files can be shared and edited by using a WebDav server, or SyncML. Simple web servers (using just the HTTP protocol) are often used to distribute iCalendar data about an event and to publish busy times of an individual. Publishers can embed iCalendar data in web pages using hCalendar, a 1:1 microformat representation of iCalendar in semantic (X)HTML. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: iCalendar) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9618-chart-wp.html business process modelling Business Process Modeling (BPM) in systems engineering and hardware engineering is the activity of representing processes of an enterprise, so that the current process may be analyzed and improved. BPM is typically performed by business analysts and managers who are seeking to improve process efficiency and quality. The process improvements identified by BPM may or may not require Information Technology involvement, although that is a common driver for the need to model a business process, by creating a process master. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Business process modelling) 1 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9739-chart-wp.html bpmn Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) is a graphical representation for specifying business processes in a business process model. BPMN was developed by Business Process Management Initiative (BPMI), and is currently maintained by the Object Management Group since the two organizations merged in 2005. As of March 2011, the current version of BPMN is 2.0. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Business Process Modeling Notation) 1 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9740-chart-wp.html web storage Web Storage and DOM Storage (Document Object Model) are web application software methods and protocols used for storing data in a web browser. Web storage supports persistent data storage, similar to cookies, as well as window-local storage. Web storage is being standardized by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). It was originally part of the HTML 5 specification, but is now in a separate specification. It is supported by Internet Explorer 8, Mozilla-based browsers (e.g., Firefox 2+, officially from 3.5), Safari 4, Google Chrome 4 (sessionStorage is from 5), and Opera 10.50. As of 14 July 2010 only Opera supports the storage events (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Web storage) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9773-chart-wp.html tgn The Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (abbreviated TGN or GTGN) is a product of the J. Paul Getty Trust included in the Getty Vocabulary Program. The TGN includes names and associated information about places. Places in TGN include administrative political entities (e.g., cities, nations) and physical features (e.g., mountains, rivers). Current and historical places are included. Other information related to history, population, culture, art and architecture is included. The resource is available to museums, art libraries, archives, visual resource collection catalogers, bibliographic projects through private license or available to members of the general public for free on the Getty Vocabulary website (see external links). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Thesaurus of Geographic Names) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9814-chart-wp.html dnb The German National Library (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, abbreviated DNB) is the central archival library and national bibliographic centre for the Federal Republic of Germany. Its task, unique in Germany, is to collect, permanently archive, comprehensively document and record bibliographically all German and German-language publications from 1913 on, foreign publications about Germany, translations of German works, and the works of German-speaking emigrants published abroad between 1933 and 1945, and to make them available to the public. The German National Library maintains co-operative external relations on the national and international level. For example, it is the leading partner in developing and maintaining bibliographic rules and standards in Germany and plays a significant role in the development of international library standards. The cooperation with publishers is regulated by law since 1935 for the Deutsche Bücherei Leipzig, since 1969 for the Deutsche Bibliothek Frankfurt. Duties are shared between the facilities in Leipzig and Frankfurt am Main, with each center focusing its work in specific specialty areas. A third facility, the Deutsches Musikarchiv Berlin (founded 1970), deals with all music-related archiving (both printed and recorded materials). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: German National Library) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9817-chart-wp.html p/meta The PMC Project P/Meta has this goal: the exchange of media items or objects between process stages and business entities would benefit significantly from a standard approach to structuring related information, either associated with the media in a separate data repository or embedded (wrapped) with it as electronic metadata. Seminal work is already being carried out by SMPTE on defining the Dynamic Metadata Dictionary, UMIDs, mapping of metadata into transports, and preparation of operational guidelines and engineering recommendations. Complementary work is proposed for the EBU to consider the adoption of a common exchange framework and format between members (and wider) which builds on SMPTE outputs and the additional insights provided by the BBC's Standard Media Exchange Framework. (Excerpt from this source) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/9997-chart-wp.html itunes u Tunes U was announced at Cupertino, California on May 30, 2007. The service was created to manage, distribute, and control access to educational audio and video content and PDF files for students within a college or university as well as the broader Internet. The member institutions are given their own iTunes U site that makes use of Apple's iTunes Store infrastructure. The online service is without cost to those uploading or downloading material. Content includes course lectures, language lessons, lab demonstrations, sports highlights and campus tours provided by qualifying two- and four-year accredited, degree-granting, public or private colleges and universities in the United States, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom. An advantage iTunes U has over traditional podcasting tools is that access to content can be restricted because of the use of the iTunes infrastructure end-to-end. Authentication is handled by member college and university who prompts a visitor for information (like an account and password specific to that institution) and then passed a token onto the iTunes U site that contains the access level for that visitor. An example might be a class podcast that can only be accessed by students enrolled in the class. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: iTunes U) 4 9 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10157-chart-wp.html aac Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) is a standardized, lossy compression and encoding scheme for digital audio. Designed to be the successor of the MP3 format, AAC generally achieves better sound quality than MP3 at similar bit rates. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: AAC) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10162-chart-wp.html learning platforms A learning platform is an integrated set of interactive online services that provide teachers, learners, parents and others involved in education with information, tools and resources to support and enhance educational delivery and management. The term learning platform refers to a range of tools and services often described using terms such as educational extranet, VLE, LMS, ILMS and LCMS providing learning and content management. The term learning platform also includes the personal learning environment (PLE) or personal online learning space (POLS), including tools and systems that allow the development and management of eportfolios. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Learning platform) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10185-chart-wp.html gnome GNOME is a desktop environment / graphical user interface that runs on top of a computer operating system. It is composed entirely of free and open source software and was created by two Mexican programmers, Miguel de Icaza and Federico Mena. It is an international project that includes creating software development frameworks, selecting application software for the desktop, and working on the programs that manage application launching, file handling, and window and task management. GNOME is part of the GNU Project and can be used with various Unix-like operating systems, most notably Linux and as part of the Java Desktop System in Solaris. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Gnome) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10235-chart-wp.html yodl York Digital Library (YODL) is a repository for multimedia resources used in or created out of teaching, research and study at the University. YODL complements both the University's research publications held in White Rose Research Online and the digital teaching materials in the Yorkshare Virtual Learning Environment and will help enhance the Library's commitment to delivering a world-class Virtual Library. YODL contains image collections to support History of Art teaching (restricted to staff/students of History of Art), along with a growing number of public or University-wide collections. University members should login to see additional content. YODL is expected to transition from project phast to a full service by August 2011. (Excerpt from this source) 4 34 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10238-chart-wp.html safir This project will set up an open access digital repository at the University of York for resources in a variety of formats, including sound, archives, film and images, to complement both the University's research publications in the White Rose Research Online repository and the digital teaching materials in the University's Yorkshare VLE. SAFIR will investigate both open source and commercial software options to determine which is most appropriate for the range of formats and requirements identified by the project, and which conforms to current standards for interoperability within the JISC Information Environment. The project is part of a larger activity to develop a digital library service for the University of York that will contribute to the University strategy for storage, preservation, retrieval and dissemination of digital assets. Project start date: 2007-03-30. Project end date: 2008-12-31. (Excerpt from this source) 2 4 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10242-chart-wp.html ustream Ustream.tv is a website which consists of a network of diverse channels providing a platform for lifecasting and live video streaming of events online. Established in March 2007, the site has over 2,000,000 registered users who generate 1,500,000+ hours of live streamed content per month with over ten million unique hits per month. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Ustream.tv) 2 4 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10452-chart-wp.html service usage model Service Usage Models (SUMs) are a core component of the e-Framework. SUMs provide a description of the needs, requirements, workflows, management policies and processes within a domain and the mapping of these to a design of a structured collection of Service Genres and Service Expressions, resources, associated standards, specifications, data formats, protocols, bindings, etc., that can be used to implement software applications within the domain. In other words, SUMs model how services meet business needs. (Excerpt from this source) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10683-chart-wp.html epub EPUB (short for electronic publication; alternatively capitalized as ePub, ePUB, EPub, or epub, with "EPUB" preferred by the vendor) is a free and open e-book standard by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF). Files have the extension .epub. EPUB is designed for reflowable content, meaning that the text display can be optimized for the particular display device used by the reader of the EPUB-formatted book. The format is meant to function as a single format that publishers and conversion houses can use in-house, as well as for distribution and sale. It supersedes the Open eBook standard (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: EPUB) 2 24 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10694-chart-wp.html flac Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC) is an audio compression codec primarily authored by Josh Coalson. FLAC employs a lossless data compression algorithm. A digital audio recording compressed by FLAC can be decompressed into an identical copy of the original audio data. Audio sources encoded to FLAC are typically reduced to 50-60% of their original size. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: FLAC) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10723-chart-wp.html ukad UK Archives Discovery (UKAD) is a network of like-minded archivists and other information professionals working towards opening up archival data in order to promote the use of archives. Its vision is to facilitate discovery of archives for all researchers, providing a sustainable online network to facilitate cross searching of archival resources across the UK. (Excerpt from this source) 2 4 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10843-chart-wp.html opf The Open Planets Foundation (OPF) has been established to provide practical solutions and expertise in digital preservation, building on the research and development outputs of the Planets project. The OPF's mission is to ensure that its members around the world are able to meet their digital preservation challenges with a solution that is widely adopted and actively being practiced by national heritage organisations and beyond. (Excerpt from this source) 1 4 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10947-chart-wp.html open planets foundation The Open Planets Foundation (OPF) has been established to provide practical solutions and expertise in digital preservation, building on the research and development outputs of the Planets project. The OPF's mission is to ensure that its members around the world are able to meet their digital preservation challenges with a solution that is widely adopted and actively being practiced by national heritage organisations and beyond. (Excerpt from this source) 3 5 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10949-chart-wp.html frad Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD), formerly known as Functional Requirements for Authority Records (FRAR) is a conceptual entity-relationship model developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) for relating the data that are recorded in library authority records to the needs of the users of those records and facilitate and sharing of that data. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: FRAD) 2 5 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10987-chart-wp.html yahoo pipes Yahoo! Pipes is a web application from Yahoo! that provides a graphical user interface for building data mashups that aggregate web feeds, web pages, and other services, creating Web-based apps from various sources, and publishing those apps. The application works by enabling users to "pipe" information from different sources and then set up rules for how that content should be modified (for example, filtering). A typical example is New York Times through Flickr, a pipe which takes The New York Times RSS feed and adds a photo from Flickr based on the keywords of each item. Other than the pipe edition page, the website has a documentation page and a discussion page. Documentation page contains information about pipes, a user guide on pipe edition and a troubleshooting guide. The discussion page enables users to discuss the pipes with other users. The site is currently in beta. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Yahoo! Pipes) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11042-chart-wp.html vim Effective metadata adds value to information and enriches it by increasing accessibility, enhancing understanding, clarifying description, and consolidating context. Metadata can be simple or complex depending on the function it is fulfilling and the nature of the data it is supporting. Without it, the information user's ability to assess search results and select the most relevant is impaired. Hence the quality of the metadata created is pivotal to the impact and usefulness of the data collection it underpins. With the growth in the creation of information, there is an increasing need for quality metadata generation to keep pace. However, manually creating this metadata is expensive. This project aims to better understand the information search and retrieval needs of higher education so as to identify opportunities to increase the efficacy of metadata, and to improve efficiency of metadata generation processes in national and local services. Essentially it will investigate the trade-offs between "value to user" and "cost of creation" in order to establish the optimum point for value for money in metadata generation. In so doing this project will make more cost effective the delivery of scholarly resources for research and learning. Intute is uniquely placed to undertake this work because of the information held on the time and cost of manual metadata generation, the existence of the current Intute database of Internet resources for benchmarking purposes, and its unrivalled expertise in metadata creation and use. The outcomes of this project will be of enormous benefit to and stimulate change in the JISC community. Project start date: 2009-04-01. Project end date: 2010-09-01. (Excerpt from this source) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11071-chart-wp.html webkit WebKit is a layout engine designed to allow web browsers to render web pages. WebKit powers Google Chrome and Safari, which in January 2011 had around 14% and 6% of browser market share respectively. It is also used as the basis for the experimental browser included with the Amazon Kindle ebook reader. The WebKit engine provides a set of classes to display web content in windows, and implements browser features such as following links when clicked by the user, managing a back-forward list, and managing a history of pages recently visited. WebKit was originally created as a fork of KHTML as the layout engine for Safari; it is portable to many other computing platforms. Mac OS X and Windows are supported by the project. WebKit's WebCore and JavaScriptCore components are available under the GNU Lesser General Public License, and the rest of WebKit is available under a BSD-style license. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: WebKit) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11219-chart-wp.html wookie Apache Wookie is a solution for adding W3C Widgets to web applications incubated at the Apache Software Foundation. Apache Wookie is based on the W3C Widgets specification, and enables widgets to be embedded in web applications using plugins. A number of plugins have been developed for popular web applications such as Wordpress. Apache Wookie also implements the Google Wave Gadget API, enabling synchronous, collaborative Widgets such as games, chats and surveys. (Excerpt from this source) 2 5 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11229-chart-wp.html cocoa Cocoa is one of Apple Inc.'s native object-oriented application programming interfaces (APIs) for the Mac OS X operating system and - along with the Cocoa Touch extension for gesture recognition and animation - for applications of iOS on Apple's iPhone and iPad product lines. Cocoa applications are typically developed using the development tools provided by Apple, specifically Xcode (formerly Project Builder) and Interface Builder, using the Objective-C language. However, the Cocoa programming environment can be accessed using other tools, such as Clozure CL, LispWorks, Object Pascal, Python, Perl, Ruby, and AppleScript with the aid of bridging mechanisms such as PasCocoa, PyObjC, CamelBones and RubyCocoa. An implementation of the Ruby language, called MacRuby, which does away with the requirement for a bridging mechanism, is under development by Apple, while Nu is a Lisp-like language which can be used with Cocoa without a bridge. It is also possible to write Objective-C Cocoa programs in a simple text editor and build it manually with GCC or clang from the command line or from a makefile. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Cocoa) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11231-chart-wp.html wikitude Wikitude is a mobile application that provides an Augmented reality (AR) platform. Augmented reality overlays virtual vision and information on the real world to enhance human visual perception. Current applications of Wikitude, such as Wikitude World Browser and Wikitude Drive, run on smartphones. These applications can only be used on the iPhone, Android, and Symbian software platforms as travel guides and personal navigation devices. Future applications of Wikitude can be developed for military, city modeling, and shopping. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Wikitude) 1 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11279-chart-wp.html mp4 MPEG-4 Part 14 or MP4, formally ISO/IEC 14496-14:2003, is a multimedia container format standard specified as a part of MPEG-4. It is most commonly used to store digital video and digital audio streams, especially those defined by MPEG, but can also be used to store other data such as subtitles and still images. Like most modern container formats, MPEG-4 Part 14 allows streaming over the Internet. A separate hint track is used to include streaming information in the file. The only official filename extension for MPEG-4 Part 14 files is .mp4. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: MPEG-4 Part 14) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11320-chart-wp.html elluminate Elluminate Live! is a web conferencing program developed by Elluminate Inc. Elluminate "rents" out virtual rooms or vSpaces where virtual schools and businesses can hold classes and meetings. While Elluminate is primarily designed and used for educational purposes, it is also used by training organizations and corporations. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Elluminate) 4 43 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11389-chart-wp.html gotomeeting GoToMeeting is a Web-hosted service created and marketed by Citrix Online, a division of Citrix Systems. It is a remote meeting and desktop sharing software that enables the user to meet with other computer users, customers, clients or colleagues via the Internet in real-time. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: GoToMeeting) 1 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11390-chart-wp.html disruptive innovation A disruptive innovation is an innovation that disrupts an existing market. The term is used in business and technology literature to describe innovations that improve a product or service in ways that the market does not expect, typically by lowering price or designing for a different set of consumers. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Disruptive innovation) 3 4 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11409-chart-wp.html list8d The aim of this project is to implement an open-source reading list system ('List8d') that is accessible and easy to use for all user groups. List8D should also be a useful and sustainable resource for the JISC Information Environment. The project aims to achieve the following technical goals: Portable data with the ability to feed information to and from mashups. Open content and open standards. Solution to be reusable, by any institution, with a well-documented API. Support for tools such as Refworks, Endnote, and Zotero. Internationalisation support. We aim to achieve the following business and user-oriented goals: Help librarians manage their stock levels and serve students better. Be easy for the students to use, with information served by the application accessible in a variety of places. Ideally the students will not be aware of the existence of the application, they will simply see reading lists appearing in appropriate places. Provide accurate information for librarians and library managers, saving time and avoiding unsuitable or inaccurate inputs into the reading list system. Be easy for the academics to use, and help them to ensure that there are sufficient course materials available for the students. Promote agile development practises within the University of Kent. Project start date: 2009-06-06. Project end date: 2009-11-30. (Excerpt from this source) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11412-chart-wp.html kml Keyhole Markup Language (KML) is an XML notation for expressing geographic annotation and visualization within Internet-based, two-dimensional maps and three-dimensional Earth browsers. KML was developed for use with Google Earth, which was originally named Keyhole Earth Viewer. It was created by Keyhole, Inc, which was acquired by Google in 2004. The name "Keyhole" is an homage to the KH reconnaissance satellites, the original eye-in-the-sky military reconnaissance system first launched in 1976. KML is an international standard of the Open Geospatial Consortium. Google Earth was the first program able to view and graphically edit KML files. Other projects such as Marble have also started to develop KML support.[ (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: KML) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11481-chart-wp.html pode The Pode-project looks at new ways of using metadata found in library catalogues, in particular ways of mashing the catalogue content with other 'mashable' resources. In addition, the project looks into the possibilities and challenges the web technologies provide in relation to today's systems and practices. This project uses traditional protocols provided by the ILS vendors as well as converting and finetuning data for frbrization and provision of Linked library data. (Excerpt from this source) 1 5 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11559-chart-wp.html amplified event An amplified event exploits various technologies to extend the reach of an event. This can include: enhancing discussions at the event through use of technologies such as Twitter; enhancing access to talks to remote audiences through video or audio streaming; 'time-shifting' access to resources. (Excerpt from this source) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11675-chart-wp.html sagecite SageCite will develop and test a Citation Framework (Data, Method, Publication) for complex network models of disease and associated data as Research Objects, with requirements informing a demonstrator using Taverna workflows, DataCite services as an extension to myExperiment and Sage Commons data infrastructure, as the case study. Citations of network models will be embedded in two leading publications: Nature Genetics and PLoS Computational Biology. A Benefits Evaluating mapping will be produced using the KRDS2 Benefits Taxonomy. SageCite will join up JISC RDM with the international bio-informatics initiatives: Concept Web Alliance and Bio2RDF. Project start date: 2010-08-01. Project end date: 2011-07-31. (Excerpt from this source) 2 4 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11745-chart-wp.html archimate ArchiMate is an open and independent enterprise architecture modelling language to support the description, analysis and visualization of architecture within and across business domains in an unambiguous way. ArchiMate is a technical standard from the Open Group and is based on the concepts of the IEEE 1471 standard. It is supported by various tool vendors and consulting firms. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: ArchiMate) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11768-chart-wp.html opm The Open Provenance Model OPM is the result of the Provenance Challenge series that was initiated in May 2006, at the first IPAW workshop. OPM was originally crafted in a meeting held in Salt Lake City in August 2007. OPM v1.00 was released to the community in December 2007. The first OPM workshop in June 2008 involved some twenty participants discussing issues related to this specification, and led to a revised specification, referred to as OPM v1.01. From the outset, the original authors' intent has been to define a data model that is open from an inter-operability viewpoint but also with respect to the community of its contributors, reviewers and users. To ensure that these principles are adhered to, an "open source like" governance model for OPM was adopted in June 2009, which led to the development of OPM v1.1, the most recent version of the model, which went under a public revision process (Excerpt from this source) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11778-chart-wp.html dexy Dexy is a tool for writing documents which relate to code. This might mean software documentation, journal articles relating to computational research, a code tutorial on your blog, writing up computer science class assignments, pretty much anything. You can think of Dexy as a very fancy 'make' tool with lots of document-related features and powerful filters. Dexy is open source, licensed under the MIT license. (Excerpt from this source) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11782-chart-wp.html lucero The goal of LUCERO (Linking University Content for Education and Research Online) is to investigate and prototype the use of linked data technologies and approaches to linking and exposing data for students and researchers. Linked data technologies and principles represent emerging practices to format and interconnect information on the Web. Working with groups of learners, researchers and practitioners based at the Open University, LUCERO will scope, prototype, pilot and evaluate reusable, cost-effective solutions relying on linked data for exposing and connecting educational and research content. (Excerpt from this source) 1 5 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11927-chart-wp.html locah Mimas and UKOLN are working together on an exciting JISC funded project to make our Archives Hub and Copac data available as structured Linked Data, for the benefit of education and research. We will also be working in partnership with Eduserv, Talis and OCLC, leading experts within their fields. We want to put archival and bibliographic data at the heart of the Linked Data Web, enabling new links to be made between diverse content sources and enabling the free and flexible exploration of data so that researchers can make new connections between subjects, people, organisations and places to reveal more about our history and society. (Excerpt from this source) 1 5 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11931-chart-wp.html muves MUVE (plural MUVEs) refers to online, multi-user virtual environments, sometimes called virtual worlds. While this term has been used previously to refer to a generational change in MUDs, MOOs, and MMORPGs, it is most widely used to describe MMOGs that are not necessarily game-specific. The term was first used in Chip Morningstar's 1990 paper The Lessons of Lucasfilm's Habitat. A number of the most popular and well-known MUVEs are listed below, although there are a number of others. Modern MUVEs have 3D third-person graphics, are accessed over the Internet, allow for some dozens of simultaneous users to interact, and represent a persistent virtual world. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: MUVE) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11979-chart-wp.html rdfs RDF Schema (variously abbreviated as RDFS, RDF(S), RDF-S, or RDF/S) is an extensible knowledge representation language, providing basic elements for the description of ontologies, otherwise called Resource Description Framework (RDF) vocabularies, intended to structure RDF resources. The first version was published by the World-Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in April 1998, and the final W3C recommendation was released in February 2004. Many RDFS components are included in the more expressive language Web Ontology Language (OWL). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: RDFS) 4 6 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13880-chart-wp.html university of lancaster Lancaster University, officially The University of Lancaster, is a British university in Lancaster, Lancashire, England. The university was established in 1964 and initially based in St Leonard's Gate until moving to a purpose-built 300 acre campus at Bailrigg in 1968. Lancaster expanded rapidly and now has the 11th highest research quality in the UK and is the 16th highest ranking research institution according to the latest Research Assessment Exercise. The university has an annual income of £177 million, 3,025 staff and 12,695 students. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Lancaster) 6 7 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13736-chart-wp.html university of portsmouth The University of Portsmouth is a university in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. The University was ranked 60th out of 122nd in The Sunday Times University Guide. The University is a member of the University Alliance, a group of 23 major business-focussed pre and post 1992 universities. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Portsmouth) 5 6 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13738-chart-wp.html dcap A DC application profile (DCAP) specifies set of terms used in a class of DC metadata description sets, typically the class of description sets which are deployed within a metadata application or within a set of applications and services operating within some domain or community. It describes the properties that are used in statements and how the use of those properties is constrained or adapted for the purposes of that application or domain. (Excerpt from this source) 5 27 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13881-chart-wp.html wikisource Wikisource is an online library of free content textual sources, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Its aims are to harbour all forms of free text, in many languages. It also provides translation efforts to this end. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Wikisource) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13882-chart-wp.html agora Agora Project's objective was to explore issues of distributed, mixed-media information management, based on an open standards-based platform. This objective includes developing the scalability, enabling infrastructure and change-management tools for successful widespread dissemination and implementation throughout the community. (Excerpt from this source) 18 99 1.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12359-chart-wp.html justeis The JUSTEIS Project has been set up in response to the Higher Education Funding Councils' Joint Information Systems Committee JISC Call (01/99) Monitoring and Evaluating User Behaviour in Information Seeking and Use of Information Technology and Information Services in UK Higher Education. The University of Wales Aberystwyth Department of Information Studies, in conjunction with Information Automation Limited's Centre for Information Quality Management, proposed a combined methodology covering two strands of the call: Area A: a general survey of end users of all electronic information services; and Area C: a general survey of electronic information services (EIS) provision. (Excerpt from this source) 4 14 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12358-chart-wp.html mpeg-2 MPEG-2 is a standard for "the generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information". It describes a combination of lossy video compression and lossy audio data compression methods which permit storage and transmission of movies using currently available storage media and transmission bandwidth. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: MPEG-2) 4 13 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12361-chart-wp.html ieee lom Learning Object Metadata is a data model, usually encoded in XML, used to describe a learning object and similar digital resources used to support learning. The purpose of learning object metadata is to support the reusability of learning objects, to aid discoverability, and to facilitate their interoperability, usually in the context of online learning management systems (LMS). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: IEEE LOM) 12 27 0.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12364-chart-wp.html ims global learning consortium IMS Global Learning Consortium (usually known as ITIMS or IMS GLC) is a global, nonprofit, member organization that strives to enable the growth and impact of learning technology in the education and corporate learning sectors worldwide. IMS GLC members provide leadership in shaping and growing the learning industry through community development of interoperability and adoption practice standards and recognition of the return on investment from learning and educational technology. Their main activity is to develop interoperability standards and adoption practice standards for distributed learning, some of which like QTI and Content Packaging are very widely used. Although the IMS has produced many good specifications, some criticism of it centers on the fact that, unlike most bodies working in the standards space, it requires large membership fees for organizations or individuals seeking to review or comment on its work. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Global Learning Consortium) 6 14 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12377-chart-wp.html wireframe A website wireframe, also known as a page schematic or screen blueprint, is a visual guide that represents the skeletal framework of a website. The wireframe depicts the page layout or arrangement of the website's content, including interface elements and navigational systems, and how they work together. The wireframe usually lacks typographic style, color, or graphics, since the main focus lies in functionality, behavior, and priority of content. In other words, it focuses on 'what a screen does, not what it looks like'. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Wireframe) 3 5 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12164-chart-wp.html tilburg university Tilburg University is an academic institution of higher education, specialising in the social sciences (especially economics) and law, located in Tilburg in the southern part of the Netherlands. Tilburg University has a student population of about 13,000 students, about 8 per cent of whom are international students. This percentage has steadily increased over the past years. TU offers both Dutch-taught and English-taught programmes. The institution has gained a reputation in both research and education. In the field of economics, the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration ranked #1 in Europe for the second consecutive time in 2007 according to the Journal of the European Economic Association with regard to publications in top journals. In 2007 the Executive MBA programme at the university's TiasNimbas Business School ranked # 11 in the world according to the Financial Times. In the field of law, Tilburg University was ranked #1 in the Netherlands for the last three years according to Elsevier Magazine, and came in second to Cambridge University in a ranking of European law schools. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Tilburg University) 14 33 0.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14074-chart-wp.html dest The Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR) is an Australian government department. Renamed in 2007 from DEST (Department of Education, Science and Training) which in turn was renamed from DETYA (Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs), it absorbed the former departments of Education and Training, and Employment and Workplace Relations. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: DEST) 9 33 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12212-chart-wp.html versi VeRSI, the Victorian eResearch Strategic Initiative, is an eResearch program established in 2006 and funded by the Victorian Government to accelerate and coordinate the uptake of eResearch in universities, government departments and other research organisations. (Excerpt from this source) 4 77 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12213-chart-wp.html pasig The Preservation and Archiving Special Interest Group (PASIG) is open to institutions and commercial organizations interested in working with Oracle in learning and sharing practical experiences in the following: 1) Comparison of high-level OAIS architectures, services-oriented architecture work, and use cases. 2) Sharing of best practices and software code. 3) Cooperation on standard, open, 'in-a-box' solutions around repository technologiesReview of storage architectures and trends and their relation to preservation and archiving architectures and eResearch data set management. 4) Discussion of the uses of commercial third party and community-developed solutions. The organization is focused on sharing open computing solutions and best practices. But while sharing information about the state-of-the-art developments in standards and open source is important, this is not a standards-setting organization. (Excerpt from this source) 2 28 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12214-chart-wp.html sun microsystems Sun Microsystems, Inc. was a company selling computers, computer components, computer software, and information technology services. Sun was founded on February 24, 1982. On January 27, 2010, Sun was acquired by Oracle Corporation. Sun Microsystems, Inc. was subsequently renamed Oracle America, Inc. Sun products included computer servers and workstations based on its own SPARC processors as well as AMD's Opteron and Intel's Xeon processors; storage systems; and, a suite of software products including the Solaris operating system, developer tools, Web infrastructure software, and identity management applications. Other technologies of note include the Java platform, MySQL, and NFS. Sun was a proponent of open systems in general and Unix in particular, and a major contributor to open source software. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Sun Microsystems) 15 24 0.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14073-chart-wp.html mcn The Museum Computer Network (MCN) is a US-based non-profit organization for professionals with an interest in the use of computer technology for museums. It runs an annual conference, the MCN-L discussion forum, special interest groups, an online directory of museum websites, etc. Members include individuals, institutions and companies. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: MCN) 2 20 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12228-chart-wp.html deewr The Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR) is an Australian government department. Renamed in 2007 from DEST (Department of Education, Science and Training) which in turn was renamed from DETYA (Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs), it absorbed the former departments of Education and Training, and Employment and Workplace Relations. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: DEEWR) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12271-chart-wp.html dlic Digital Libraries in the Classroom programme (DLiC) is an international programme, funded by JISC in conjunction with the National Science Foundation (NSF), developed to bring significant improvements in the learning and teaching process, through bringing emerging technologies and readily available digital content into mainstream educational use. (Excerpt from this source) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12280-chart-wp.html national library of new zealand The National Library of New Zealand (Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa in Maori) is New Zealand's legal deposit library charged with the obligation to "enrich the cultural and economic life of New Zealand and its interchanges with other nations" (National Library of New Zealand (Te Puna Matauranga) Act 2003). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: National Library of New Zealand) 9 19 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12282-chart-wp.html editeur EDItEUR is the international group coordinating development of the standards infrastructure for electronic commerce in the book, e-book and serials sectors. EDItEUR provides its membership with research, standards and guidance in such diverse areas as: EDI and other e-commerce standards for book and serial transactions; bibliographic and product information; the standards infrastructure for digital publishing; Rights management and trading; radio frequency identification tags. Established in 1991, EDItEUR is a truly international organisation with 90 members from 17 countries, including Australia, Canada, Japan, South Africa, United States and most of the European countries. (Excerpt from this source) 5 21 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12283-chart-wp.html wipo The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is one of the 16 specialized agencies of the United Nations. WIPO was created in 1967 "to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world". WIPO currently has 184 member states, administers 24 international treaties, and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: WIPO) 5 9 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12343-chart-wp.html eblida EBLIDA is the European Bureau of Library, Information and Documentation Associations. It is an independent umbrella association of library, information, documentation and archive associations and institutions in Europe. Subjects on which EBLIDA concentrates are European information society issues, including copyright & licensing, culture and education. EBLIDA promotes unhindered access to information in the digital age and the role of archives and libraries in achieving this goal. (Excerpt from this source) 3 3 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12344-chart-wp.html oregon state university Oregon State University (OSU) is a coeducational, public research university located in Corvallis, Oregon, United States. The university offers undergraduate, graduate and doctoral degrees and a multitude of research opportunities. There are over 200 academic degree programs offered through the university. OSU's programs in nuclear engineering, ecology, forestry, public health, biochemistry, zoology, oceanography, food science and pharmacy are recognized nationally as top tier programs. In recent years, OSU's liberal arts programs have also grown significantly. Over 200,000 people have attended OSU since its founding. The Carnegie Foundation classifies Oregon State University as a "very high research activity" university. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Oregon State University) 7 10 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12345-chart-wp.html ncri The National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) is a partnership between the government, charity and industry in the United Kingdom that takes a strategic planning role in co-ordinating cancer research. Rather than replace or duplicate any of the functions of its 21 member associations and agencies, it seeks to add value through joint planning, coordination and initiating projects for the benefit of cancer research and, ultimately, cancer patients. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: NCRI) 1 6 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12347-chart-wp.html oss watch OSS Watch is the United Kingdom's advisory service for issues relating to free and open source software in the Further Education and Higher Education sectors. Since 2003 it has provided consultations and briefing materials about the legal, social, technical and economic aspects of open source software. OSS Watch also organises and attends conferences and workshops relating to free and open source software both within and outside the academic sector. OSS Watch receives funding via the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) and is based within the University of Oxford. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: OSS Watch) 12 65 0.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12348-chart-wp.html ecms An Electronic Copyright Management System (ECMS) is a scheme to make digital works harder to copy and easier to license. Some of these schemes emphasize the technology of making works 'harder to copy'; others emphasize ways of making it 'easier to pay for copying.' Commonly both elements are present, so the emphasis is a matter of degree. (Excerpt from this source) 9 99 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12350-chart-wp.html odrl ODRL (Open Digital Rights Language) is an XML-based standard Rights Expression Language (REL) used in Digital Rights Management systems and open content management systems. ODRL is managed by an open organization that's open to public participation. It has created a profile that supports Creative Commons licenses and is working on a profile for geospatial data and a profile for Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) metadata. The ODRL Version 2.0 is currently working on major revisions of the new version of ODRL. There is at least one open source implementation of ODRL available.[citation needed] The Open Mobile Alliance has adopted ODRL as the REL used in their DRM specifications and new mobile phone handsets support this ODRL Profile. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: ODRL) 4 14 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12351-chart-wp.html monash university Monash University (or simply Monash) is a public university based in Melbourne, Victoria. It was founded in 1958 and is the second oldest university in the state. Monash is a member of Australia's Group of Eight and the ASAIHL. Monash enrolls approximately 39,000 undergraduate and 16,000 graduate students, making it the university with the largest student body in Australia. It also has more applicants than any university in the state of Victoria. Monash is home to major research facilities, including the Australian Synchrotron, the Monash Science Technology Research and Innovation Precinct (STRIP), the Australian Stem Cell Centre, 100 research centres and 17 co-operative research centres. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Monash University) 16 41 0.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12352-chart-wp.html national e-science centre The National e-Science Centre was proposed and established by a consortium of departments from the universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow. Participating departments from the University of Edinburgh includ: Edinburgh Parallel Computing Centre (EPCC); School of Informatics; School of Physics. Participating departments from the University of Glasgow include: Department of Computing Science; Department of Physics & Astronomy. (Excerpt from this source) 10 14 0.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12354-chart-wp.html daedalus The DAEDALUS Project has established a number of different services for research material at the University of Glasgow. It explored an institutional repository model which uses different software [ePrints, DSpace and PKP Harvester] for different content, including: published and peer reviewed papers; pre-prints, grey literature and theses. The project has also developed an open access e-Journal [JeLit] and a subject based repository for erpanet: ERPAePRINTS. (Excerpt from this source) 21 97 1.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12356-chart-wp.html rae The Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) is an exercise undertaken approximately every 5 years on behalf of the four UK higher education funding councils (HEFCE, SHEFC, HEFCW, DELNI) to evaluate the quality of research undertaken by British higher education institutions. RAE submissions from each subject area (or unit of assessment) are given a rank by a subject specialist peer review panel. The rankings are used to inform the allocation of quality weighted research funding (QR) each higher education institution receives from their national funding council. Previous RAEs took place in 1986, 1989, 1992, 1996 and 2001. The most recent results were published in December 2008. Various media have produced league tables of institutions and disciplines based on the 2008 RAE results. Different methodologies lead to similar but non-identical rankings. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Research Assessment Exercise) 47 154 2.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12357-chart-wp.html bsd licence BSD licenses are a family of permissive free software licenses. The original license was used for the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix-like operating system after which it is named. The original owners of BSD were the Regents of the University of California because BSD was first written at the University of California, Berkeley. The first version of the license was revised, and the resulting licenses are more properly called modified BSD licenses. Two variants of the license, the New BSD License/Modified BSD License, and the Simplified BSD License/FreeBSD License have been verified as GPL-compatible free software licenses by the Free Software Foundation, and have been vetted as open source licenses by the Open Source Initiative, while the original, 4-clause license has not been accepted as an open source license and, although the original is considered to be a free software license by the FSF, the FSF does not consider it to be compatible with the GPL due to the advertising clause. The licenses have fewer restrictions on distribution compared to other free software licenses such as the GNU General Public License or even the default restrictions provided by copyright, putting works licensed under them relatively closer to the public domain. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: BSD license) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12391-chart-wp.html open geospatial consortium The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), an international voluntary consensus standards organization, originated in 1994. In the OGC, more than 400 commercial, governmental, nonprofit and research organizations worldwide collaborate in a consensus process encouraging development and implementation of open standards for geospatial content and services, GIS data processing and data sharing. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Open Geospatial Consortium) 2 3 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12404-chart-wp.html onix-pl ONIX for Publications Licenses (ONIX-PL) is a family of standard XML messaging protocols for exchanging licensing information that builds on the work of the Digital Libraries Federation Electronic Resource Management Initiative (ERMI) and NISO's License Expression Working Group (LEWG). (Excerpt from this source) 1 9 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12428-chart-wp.html cidoc-crm The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) provides an extensible ontology for concepts and information in cultural heritage and museum documentation. It is the international standard (ISO 21127:2006) for the controlled exchange of cultural heritage information. Archives, libraries, museums, and other cultural institutions are encouraged to use the CIDOC CRM to enhance accessibility to museum-related information and knowledge. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model) 3 6 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12449-chart-wp.html south bank university London South Bank University (LSBU) is a university in south London. With over 25,000 students and 1,700 staff, it is based in the London Borough of Southwark, near the South Bank of the River Thames, from which it takes its name. Founded from charitable donations in 1892 as the "Borough Polytechnic Institute", it absorbed several other local colleges in the 1970s and 1990s, and achieved university status in 1992. The university states its vision is to be "the most admired UK university for creating professional opportunity. We intend to be a source of pride to our students, our staff and the communities we serve." LSBU is a post-1992 or new university and puts strong focus on their students' employability. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: South Bank University) 21 23 1.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12485-chart-wp.html managed learning environment A virtual learning environment (VLE) is a system designed to support teaching and learning in an educational setting, as distinct from a Managed Learning Environment (MLE), where the focus is on management. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Managed Learning Environment) 17 48 1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12490-chart-wp.html ncsa The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) is an American state-federal partnership to develop and deploy national-scale cyberinfrastructure that advances science and engineering. NCSA operates as a unit of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign but it provides high-performance computing resources to researchers across the country. Support for NCSA comes from the National Science Foundation, the state of Illinois, the University of Illinois, business and industry partners, and other federal agencies. NCSA provides leading-edge computing, data storage, and visualization resources. NCSA computational and data environment implements a multi-architecture hardware strategy, deploying both clusters and shared memory systems to support high-end users and communities on the architectures best-suited to their requirements. Nearly 1,360 scientists, engineers and students used the computing and data systems at NCSA to support research in more than 830 projects. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: NSCA) 26 58 1.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12516-chart-wp.html niss NISS was a service designed to make available to the academic community quality information selected to be authoritative, current and comprehensive through service provision which is economic and effective. NISS was set up with Computer Board funding in November 1987 as a joint project based at Southampton and Bath Universities. After a short period it was amalgamated with CHEST and received a joint funding stream from the Computer Board and subsequently JISC. The funding stream was later separated from that of CHEST by JISC. NISS's main services to the education community that are covered by JISC funding are the NISS Campus and StudentZone websites. NISS also developed the Athens Access Management system. This was developed initially to support its own services, but was then adopted by JISC for access management of its national services. (Excerpt from this source) 42 185 2.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12517-chart-wp.html midrib MIDRIB Project was designed to create, maintain and deliver a comprehensive collection of medical images in digital form for use in teaching and research, in medical and healthcare faculties of Universities and teaching hospitals. The project drew together the best of existing collections into a coherent resource within a single point of reference. Resources were made accessible from a single World Wide Web site via the SuperJanet higher-education network and images were also made available on CD-ROM. (Excerpt from this source) 9 79 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12518-chart-wp.html uima UIMA stands for Unstructured Information Management Architecture. An OASIS standard as of March 2009, UIMA is to date the only industry standard for content analytics. UIMA is a component software architecture for the development, discovery, composition, and deployment of multi-modal analytics for the analysis of unstructured information and its integration with search technologies developed by IBM. The source code for a reference implementation of this framework has been made available on SourceForge, and later on the website of the Apache Software Foundation. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: UIMA) 4 45 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12557-chart-wp.html meta-net META-NET, a Network of Excellence consisting of 47 research centres from 31 countries, is dedicated to building the technological foundations of a multilingual European information society. META-NET is forging META, the Multilingual Europe Technology Alliance. (Excerpt from this source) 2 16 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12579-chart-wp.html sosig The Social Science Information Gateway (SOSIG) Project pointed to hundreds of resources on subjects ranging from Anthropology to Statistics. To compile SOSIG, all kinds of networked resources worldwide were scanned, including mailing lists and news-groups, guides and catalogues, databases, search tools and other networked services. Only those of high quality and relevance were catalogued and made available via the SOSIG list of quality worldwide resources. A comprehensive list of UK-based resources, with descriptions, was also provided. (Excerpt from this source) 125 701 7.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12655-chart-wp.html university of tokyo The University of Tokyo (informally Tokyo University), abbreviated as Todai, is a major research university located in Tokyo, Japan. The University has 10 faculties with a total of around 30,000 students, 2,100 of whom are foreign. Its five campuses are in Hongō, Komaba, Kashiwa, Shirokane and Nakano. It is considered to be the most prestigious university in Japan. It ranks as the highest in Asia and 21st in the world in 2011 according to Academic Ranking of World Universities. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Tokyo) 2 3 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12616-chart-wp.html gopher The Gopher protocol is a TCP/IP application layer protocol designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents over the Internet. Strongly oriented towards a menu-document design, the Gopher protocol was a predecessor of (and later, an alternative to) the World Wide Web. The protocol offers some features not natively supported by the Web and imposes a much stronger hierarchy on information stored on it. Its text menu interface is well-suited to computing environments that rely heavily on remote text-oriented computer terminals, which were still common at the time of its creation in 1991, and the simplicity of its protocol facilitated a wide variety of client implementations. Although largely supplanted by the Web in the years following, the Gopher protocol is still in use by enthusiasts, and a small population of actively-maintained servers remains. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Gopher protocol) 53 119 3.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12773-chart-wp.html telnet Telnet is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area networks to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communications facility using a virtual terminal connection. User data is interspersed in-band with Telnet control information in an 8-bit byte oriented data connection over the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Telnet was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC 15, extended in RFC 854, and standardized as Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Standard STD 8, one of the first Internet standards. Historically, Telnet provided access to a command-line interface (usually, of an operating system) on a remote host. Most network equipment and operating systems with a TCP/IP stack support a Telnet service for remote configuration (including systems based on Windows NT). Because of security issues with Telnet, its use for this purpose has waned in favor of SSH. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Telnet) 39 85 2.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12772-chart-wp.html eevl The Edinburgh Engineering Virtual Library (EEVL) is a project funded by eLib (the Electronic Libraries Programme) in the UK to provide an Internet gateway to quality information resources in Engineering, (see EELS for an engineering subject service based in Sweden).Whilst the metadata format that EEVL is using is specific to the project there does not appear to be an alternative international standard format being used within the Engineering community. (Excerpt from this source) 87 970 5.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12936-chart-wp.html ihr-info IHR-INFO, an information server established by the Institute of Historical Research on 9 August 1993 for an experimental period, attracted over one thousand users from all over the world in its first ten days. After discussion with the major source centres for historical research, IHR-INFO Project was reshaped and enlarged and made available on the World Wide Web. Key deliverables include: 1) A BULLETIN BOARD with information on seminars, conferences and training courses; AN ELECTRONIC PUBLISHER providing bibliographical and other IHR publications free of charge over the Internet; A VEHICLE TO ELECTRONIC SITES WORLD WIDE: libraries, datasets, other servers; EASY ACCESS TO ALL INTERNET NAVIGATIONAL TOOLS including the latest WWW searchers. (Excerpt from this source) 9 13 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12937-chart-wp.html cain The CAIN (Conflict Archive on the INternet) site contains information and source material on 'the Troubles' and politics in Northern Ireland from 1968 to the present. There is also some material on society in the region. CAIN is located in the University of Ulster and is part of INCORE and ARK. (Excerpt from this source) 9 21 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/12938-chart-wp.html omni project The OMNI Project developed a database of Internet resources in medicine, biomedicine, allied health, health management and related topics. This gateway provided comprehensive coverage of UK resources in the area and access to the best resources worldwide, using a process of selection, evaluation and description. All resources included in OMNI are assessed by a check-list of quality criteria. (Excerpt from this source) 7 10 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13005-chart-wp.html university of liverpool The University of Liverpool is a teaching and research university in the city of Liverpool, England. It is a member of the Russell Group of large research-intensive universities and the N8 Group for research collaboration. Founded in 1881 (as a University college) it is also one of the six original "red brick" civic universities. The university has produced nine Nobel Prize winners and offers more than 230 first degree courses across 103 subjects. It has an annual turnover of £340 million, including £123 million for research. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Liverpool) 16 20 0.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13305-chart-wp.html morrisville state college Morrisville State College, formerly the State University of New York at Morrisville or SUNY Morrisville, is a college of the State University of New York. It offers 22 bachelor degrees and a wide variety of associate degrees at two campuses in Central New York: Morrisville and Norwich. Programs are offered in Agricultural Sciences and Management, Animal and Equine Science, Computer Information Technology and many more. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Morrisville State College) 1 4 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13284-chart-wp.html talis Talis Group Ltd. is a software company based in Birmingham, England that develops a Semantic Web application platform and a suite of applications for the education, research and library sectors. Much of Talis' work now focuses on the transition of information to the web, specifically the Semantic Web and Talis have led much of the debate about how Web 2.0 attitudes affect traditional libraries In March 2011 Talis sold its library management division to Capita Group. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Talis Group) 30 86 1.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13165-chart-wp.html lund university Lund University (Swedish: Lunds universitet), located in Lund in the province of Scania, Sweden, is one of northern Europe's most prestigious universities and one of Scandinavia's largest institutions for education and research, frequently ranked among the world's top 100 universities. The university was founded in 1666 and is the second oldest Swedish university, but can arguably trace its roots back to 1438, when a studium generale was founded in Lund. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Lund University) 18 40 1.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13285-chart-wp.html university of leeds The University of Leeds (informally Leeds University, or simply Leeds) is a British Redbrick university located in the city of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. The University is a member of the Russell Group of research-intensive universities, of which the university's Vice-Chancellor Prof Michael Arthur is the current Chairman, and the N8 Group for research collaboration. The university is also a founding member of the Worldwide Universities Network, the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association, the White Rose University Consortium, the Santander Network and CDIO and is also affiliated to the Association of MBAs, EQUIS and Universities UK. The student population includes 24,510 undergraduate and 8,805 postgraduate students making the university the second largest single site university in the United Kingdom. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Leeds) 66 100 3.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13306-chart-wp.html acorn Project ACORN explored the potential of IT to deliver high-demand material electronically to students, across the campus, via networked computers, and developed and implemented a model for effectively managing the whole process, from requesting reading lists from academic staff to the consultation of the text by students. Project dates: started 1997. Funding Programme: Electronic Short Loan area of the Electronic Libraries Programme (eLib) Programme. (Excerpt from this source) 17 128 1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13307-chart-wp.html university of surrey The University of Surrey is a university located within the county town of Guildford, Surrey in the South East of England. It received its charter on 9 September 1966. The university is a member of the 1994 Group. The Research Assessment Exercise 2001 awarded nine departments at the university 5 or 5* ratings. The university has recently expanded into China by launching the Surrey International Institute with Dongbei University of Finance and Economics. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Surrey) 31 56 1.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13309-chart-wp.html university of ulster The University of Ulster (formerly shortened to UU) is a multi-campus, co-educational university located in Northern Ireland. It is the largest single university in Ireland, discounting the federal National University of Ireland. UU was established in 1968 as the New University of Ulster and can trace its roots back to 1845 when Magee College was established in Londonderry and 1849, when the School of Art and Design was inaugurated in Belfast. Ulster is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association, Universities Ireland and Universities UK. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Ulster) 15 25 0.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13310-chart-wp.html university of the west of england The University of the West of England (abbrev. UWE, often pronounced "you-we") is a university based in the English city of Bristol. Its main campus is at Frenchay, about five miles (8 km) north of the city centre. With around 30,000 students and 3,000 academic staff, UWE is the larger of the two universities in the city (the longer established University of Bristol has 23,000 students). 86% of students at UWE are from state schools. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of the West of England) 33 50 1.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13311-chart-wp.html bath information and data services Bath Information and Data Services (BIDS) provided bibliographic database services to the academic community in the UK from 1991 to 2005. BIDS academic and scholarly journals services are now incorporated into IngentaConnect www.ingentaconnect.com (Excerpt from this source) 3 2 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13312-chart-wp.html seren SEREN Project aimed to provide software to enable the Welsh HE community to maximise use of the library resource-base in Wales before turning to British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC) and other suppliers. (Excerpt from this source) 5 21 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13313-chart-wp.html bangor university Bangor University (Welsh: Prifysgol Bangor) is a university based in the city of Bangor in the county of Gwynedd in North Wales. Until 1 September 2007 the University was part of the federal University of Wales, and was officially known for most of its history as the University College of North Wales ("UCNW", Coleg Prifysgol Gogledd Cymru in Welsh). From 1995 until 31 August 2007 the University was known as University of Wales, Bangor ("UWB") and Prifysgol Cymru, Bangor ("PCB"). (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Bangor University) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13315-chart-wp.html vt100 VT100 is a video terminal that was made by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). Its detailed attributes became the de facto standard for terminal emulators. It was introduced in August 1978, following its predecessor, the VT52, and communicated with its host system over serial lines using the ASCII character set and control sequences (a.k.a. escape sequences) standardized by ANSI. The VT100 was also the first Digital mass-market terminal to incorporate "graphic renditions" (blinking, bolding, reverse video, and underlining) as well as a selectable 80 or 132 column display. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: VT100) 4 6 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13316-chart-wp.html bldsc The British Library Document Supply Services manages its collections as a single entity. Material is selected according to our collection development policy. A significant portion is available for loan, and the collection is probably the largest in the world devoted to the provision of remote document delivery. It covers every aspect of scientific, technical, medical and human knowledge, in many languages. Formats managed include journals, books, conferences, reports, patents, theses, official publications, music scores and images. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: British Library Document Supply Services) 16 25 0.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13318-chart-wp.html university of reading The University of Reading is a university in the English town of Reading, Berkshire. The University was established in 1892 as University College, Reading and received its Royal Charter in 1926. It is based on several campuses in, and around, the town of Reading. The University has a long tradition of research, education and training at a local, national and international level. It offers traditional degrees and also less usual and other vocationally relevant ones. It was awarded the Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher and Further Education in 1998, 2005 and again in 2009. It is one of the ten most research intensive universities in the UK and ranked in the top 200 universities in the world by QS. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Reading) 14 29 0.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13321-chart-wp.html terminalfour TerminalFour is a developer and provider of internet content management systems, based in Dublin, Ireland. TerminalFour was founded in 1996 by then-Dublin City University student Piero Tintori. As well as educational institutions, TerminalFour also targets public sector bodies, companies with multilingual content and the financial services sector. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: TerminalFour) 2 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13325-chart-wp.html university of abertay dundee The University of Abertay Dundee, usually known simply as Abertay University, is a modern university in Dundee, Scotland. As one of the nation's smallest universities, Abertay is known for having a tight knit student community comprising of both local talent and international students. Approximatley one fifth of Abertay's students are from outside the UK. One of Abertay's main strengths is in its size, the sense of community and 'open spaces'approach to learning and teaching results in cross disciplinary research groups, spawning many interesting collaborative research projects, putting together for example psychology and animation, or urban water management and computer games technology. Abertay was the first university in the world to offer a 'computer games' degree "computer games" degree in 1997. Today it remains a leader in the field with two major new developments - the creation of the UK's first Centre for Excellence in Computer Games Education, and a business support programme. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Abertay Dundee) 6 8 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13712-chart-wp.html london business school London Business School (LBS) is an international business school and a constituent college of the University of London, located in central London, beside Regent's Park. LBS teaches postgraduate programmes in finance and management, in addition to its flagship Master of Business Administration (MBA and EMBA) program, it also offers the Sloan Fellowship Program for experienced business executives, a Masters in Finance (also known as MiF, a finance specialist programme), a Masters in Management for students with less than a year's work experience, a PhD, as well as non-masters programmes for business executives. It was established in 1964, after the Franks Report recommended the establishment of two business schools, as part of existing universities (London Business School and Manchester Business School), but with considerable autonomy. It has close collaborations with the nearby University College London and the Modern Language Centre at King's College London. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: London Business School) 14 15 0.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13713-chart-wp.html university of stirling The University of Stirling is a campus university founded by Royal charter in 1967, on the Airthrey Estate in Stirling, Scotland. Stirling University is a Plate Glass University, established as a result of the Robbins Report on Higher education, along with Heriot-Watt University, the University of Dundee and the University of Strathclyde. This increased the number of universities in Scotland from four to eight. Stirling was however the only completely new institution of its kind established in Scotland since the University of Edinburgh was founded in 1582. The University has developed major industrial research links, with a large science park - Stirling University Innovation Park, located immediately adjacent to the main university campus. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Stirling) 8 11 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13714-chart-wp.html liverpool john moores university Liverpool John Moores University (informally LJMU) is a British 'modern' university located in the city of Liverpool, England. The university is named after John Moores and was previously called Liverpool Mechanics' School of Arts and later Liverpool Polytechnic before gaining university status in 1992, thus becoming Liverpool John Moores University. The university is a member of the University Alliance, a mission group of British universities established in 2007. It is also a member of the European University Association and the North West Universities Association. At present, LJMU serves more than 24,000 students comprising 20,270 undergraduate students and 4,100 postgraduate students, making it the largest university in Liverpool by student population - as well as the twentieth largest in the United Kingdom. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Liverpool John Moores University) 15 15 0.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13742-chart-wp.html university of durham The University of Durham, commonly known as Durham University, is a university in Durham, England. It was founded by Act of Parliament in 1832 and granted a Royal Charter in 1837. It was one of the first universities to open in England for more than 600 years and has a claim towards being the third oldest university in England. Durham is a collegiate university, with its main functions divided between the academic departments of the University and 16 colleges. In general, the departments perform research and provide lectures to students, while the colleges are responsible for the domestic arrangements and welfare of undergraduate students, graduate students, post-doctoral researchers and some University staff. The University is seen as very prestigious and is consistently one of the highest ranked universities in the UK. "Long established as a leading alternative to Oxford and Cambridge", the University attracts "a largely middle-class student body" according to The Times Good University Guide. The University was named Sunday Times University of the Year in 2005, having previously been shortlisted for the award in 2004. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of Durham) 4 7 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13743-chart-wp.html university of california, santa barbara The University of California, Santa Barbara, commonly known as UCSB or UC Santa Barbara, is a public research university and one of the 10 general campuses of the University of California system. The main campus is located on a 1,022-acre (414 ha) site in Santa Barbara, California, 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Los Angeles. Founded in 1891 as an independent teachers' college, UCSB joined the University of California system in 1944 and is the third-oldest general-education campus in the system. UCSB is a comprehensive doctoral university and is organized into five colleges offering 87 undergraduate degrees and 55 graduate degrees. The campus is the 5th-largest in the UC system by enrollment with 19,800 undergraduate and 3,050 graduate students. The university granted 5,442 bachelor's, 576 master's, and 310 Ph.D. degrees in 2006 ‐ 2007. In 2010, UCSB was ranked 39th among "National Universities" by U.S. News & World Report, 29th worldwide by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and 32nd worldwide by the Academic Ranking of World Universities. UC Santa Barbara is a "very high activity" research university and spent $191.2 million on research expenditures in the 2007 fiscal year, 97th-largest in the United States. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: University of California, Santa Barbara) 2 3 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13745-chart-wp.html carnegie mellon university Carnegie Mellon University (also known as Carnegie Mellon or simply CMU) is a private research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The university began as the Carnegie Technical Schools, founded by Andrew Carnegie in 1900. In 1912, the school became Carnegie Institute of Technology and began granting four-year degrees. In 1967, the Carnegie Institute of Technology merged with the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research to form Carnegie Mellon University. The University's 140-acre (0.57 km2) main campus is 3 miles (4.8 km) from Downtown Pittsburgh and abuts the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh. Carnegie Mellon has seven colleges and independent schools: the Carnegie Institute of Technology (engineering), College of Fine Arts, Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Mellon College of Science, Tepper School of Business, School of Computer Science, and H. John Heinz III College. Carnegie Mellon students come from all 50 U.S. states and 93 countries. It consistently ranks among the top 25 universities in the United States and was named one of the "New Ivies" by Newsweek in 2006. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Carnegie Mellon University) 8 9 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14078-chart-wp.html memetic Meetings pervade the life of almost all researchers, and increasingly, these take the form of telephone and videoconferences amongst geographically dispersed colleagues. Supporting distributed meetings that are as productive as face-to-face meetings is a primary challenge for research and development in this field. This is the motivation for this proposal. The Access Grid(tm) (AG) is an open collaboration and resource management architecture that already provides many of the capabilities proposed by the JISC for a Virtual Research Environment (VRE). The overall aim of the project is to extend the functionality of the AG with advanced meeting support and information management tools that were developed and validated in the recent e-Science project, CoAKTinG. The project will also deploy this environment as a prototype VRE with end-user communities in order to test, evaluate and discover further user requirements. Our end-user partners represent a cross-section of communities interested in the potential of the proposed VRE to meet their needs. The areas represented by our partners include performance art, social science, middleware development and minority communities. These diverse users will help the project to evaluate the generic value of its capabilities. A phased deployment and evaluation process is planned, starting with the immediate project team as users, to address obvious usability and technical issues, before extending to the project partners who will subject the tools to a more formal evaluation. Project start date: 2005-02-01. Project end date: 2006-10-31. (Excerpt from this source) 3 6 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13538-chart-wp.html nmap Intute: Nursing, midwifery and allied health provides free access to high quality resources on the Internet. Each resource has been evaluated and categorised by subject specialists based at UK universities. (Excerpt from this source) 8 35 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13486-chart-wp.html vdml VDML addresses three problems relating to minority language departments. The first is minority language students' limited exposure to the spoken target language. Secondly, good teaching materials for learners of minority languages are often scarce. Finally, the small size of such departments has consequences for both students and teachers. Students have limited opportunities to work with others and are denied the peer support that students in larger departments can take for granted. Language teachers often have to develop teaching materials in isolation. The overall aim of the project is to develop a framework to support students and teachers of minority languages. It will create new learning materials, adding value to current Internet resources as well as developing new resources. It will also provide students and teachers with a working environment, a 'virtual department', in which to interact. Using Danish as an example, the specific objectives are to: Review the support needs of minority language learners by consulting staff and students; Create new, task-focused resources for Danish language learners using current Internet materials; Develop new teacher-authored material for intermediate and advanced learners of Danish; Create opportunities for students and teachers to communicate informally; Increase opportunities for students and teachers to work collaboratively; Embed the new resources into the day-to-day work of pilot departments; Present the work to the HE community in the form of a framework or model and encourage its adoption by other groups of departments. Project start date: 2000-10-01. Project end date: 2002-09-30. (Excerpt from this source) 1 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13487-chart-wp.html zblsa The purpose of the ZBLSA project is to enhance the operation of the DNER by providing portals with a broker that will help connect the discovery of the reference to a journal article with the location of services that provide the full-text of the article, in printed or electronic form. ZBLSA will directly benefit the Abstract & Indexing (A&I) database services that operate at the JISC datacentres and the Resource Discovery Network subject hubs. Using ZBLSA, they will be able to identify the location of services providing journal articles whose existence has been discovered in other ways. ZBLSA is part of Join-UP, a cluster of four projects (ZBLSA, Docusend, zetoc, and Xgrain) which aims to realise the full potential of bibliographic services by informing users about the location of third-party services on the materials referenced therein and the means, where appropriate, to connect automatically to request and delivery mechanisms. Join-UP contributes to the Discover/Locate/Request/Access structure of the DNER. The aim of the ZBLSA project is to develop a broker that will provide portals with the means to identify the location of services pertaining to journal articles. The specific objectives are to: Develop a prototype ZBLSA server, serving one or more datacentre portals and subject portals; Extend access to location information in OPACs and union catalogues via Z39.50; Develop an HTTP demonstrator that provides end users with direct access to ZBLSA services; Identify suitable electronic resources, including linkage to full texts at publishers' sites; Produce technical documentation to enable portal designers to integrate portal operation with ZBLSA. Project start date: 2002-01-01. Project end date: 2003-12-31. (Excerpt from this source) 5 18 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13489-chart-wp.html isme Taken together, modern instruments in the laboratory and international central facilities can build up a detailed, multi-faceted picture of the structure and behaviour of engineering components. At present, stitching together this information is a time consuming post mortem process, limiting the extent to which true interactive enquiry-based experiments can be undertaken. Software tools for fusing the acquired data have already been developed as part of a completed EPSRC research programme (GR/R38774/01), but the interrogation and visualisation of the assembled database can only be done at a single location. We will construct, refine and deploy a prototype Virtual Research Environment (VRE) to enable teams of material scientists, academic and industrial engineers and instrument scientists to work together in undertaking, compiling, analysing, interrogating and visualising multiple experiments on components of high complexity at different sites. The overall aim of the project is to develop and refine the experimental steering process, shared workspace and distributed visualisation into a VRE making them deployable by dispersed teams of instrument scientists, material scientists and engineers in a transparent and robust manner. The specific objectives are to: Set up a medium for collaboratively managing and analysing data and to make available archival data collected elsewhere for immediate side-by-side comparisons; To achieve multi-site experiment steering, to discuss progress, modify strategies, and to train and instruct students; Improve the HCI issues within the shared-workspace between the dispersed sites; Create guidelines for the use of remote steering and collaborative environments. Project start date: 2004-11-01. Project end date: 2006-10-31. (Excerpt from this source) 1 3 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13537-chart-wp.html chcc This project is part of the Enhancing JISC data services for Teaching and Learning project cluster in this particular programme. The main focus of projects in this cluster is to improve use of existing JISC owned resources through the JISC data services for learning and teaching. Through a number of strategic investments by both the JISC and the ESRC, the UK academic community has access to a Collection of Historical and Contemporary Census data and related resources (CHCC) which are available in digital format. Whilst individual data sets are used extensively in research they are significantly under used in learning and teaching programmes within HE. There is clear evidence that the CHCC could be used more widely in learning and teaching programmes. The project will contribute to the DNER and will increase the use of the CHCC in learning and teaching by improving accessibility to the primary data resources; developing an integrated set of learning and teaching materials; improving awareness about the contexts in which Census data can be used in learning and teaching; integrating contextual materials; providing access to Web-based data exploration/ visualisation tools and developing resource discovery tools. The central aim of the project is to develop CHCC into a major DNER learning and teaching resource. The key objectives are to: - Promote increased and more effective use of network based data services for problem based learning and student project work across a broad cross section of learning and teaching programmes; - Develop an integrated Web-based learning and teaching system that links together data extraction and visualisation/ exploration tools with comprehensive learning and teaching resources; - Significantly increase the Census user base by increasing use of the CHCC in learning and teaching; - Build new user communities by promoting increased awareness of the CHCC and its learning and teaching potential; - Improve the productivity of teachers by significantly reducing the overheads required to incorporate; - Census data related resources into learning and teaching programmes; - Improve access to key primary data sources and related resources; - Minimise any delays in getting the key 2001 Census outputs used in learning and teaching. Project start date: 2000-10-01. Project end date: 2003-09-30. (Excerpt from this source) 2 3 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13480-chart-wp.html bvreh The BVREH is a project supported by the Humanities Division at Oxford, hosted by the Oxford e-Research Centre, and funded by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC), which promotes the innovative use of information and communications technology in academic teaching and research in the UK. An initial survey carried out by the BVREH team between June 2005 and September 2006 defined the range of services that a Virtual Environment should offer - from information about researchers and their interests and about conferences, lectures and seminars, to integrated communication and collaboration tools to support advanced research. The project team addressed the needs highlighted by the survey through a number of pilot applications designed for specific user communities with the long term aim of broadening their functionality to a wider humanities user base. (Excerpt from this source) 3 12 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13534-chart-wp.html e-framework The e-Framework for Education and Research is an international initiative that provides information to institutions on investing in and using information technology infrastructure. It advocates service-oriented approaches to facilitate technical interoperability of core infrastructure as well as effective use of available funding. (Excerpt from this source) 11 60 0.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13535-chart-wp.html eboni EBONI identified and compared the various methods in the publication of learning and teaching material on the Web in order to determine the most effective way of representing this information electronically, aiming to maximise usability and information intake by users. An evaluation of texts by an appropriate mix of key stakeholders was undertaken in order to develop guidelines for best practice in the publication of (non-journal) educational material on the Internet. EBONI developed a set of guidelines for publishing educational texts on the Web that reflect the needs of academics and a diversifying population of students throughout the UK. Project start date: 2000-08-01. Project end date: 2002-07-31. (Excerpt from this source) 5 35 0.3 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13478-chart-wp.html espida This two-year project seeks to develop and implement a sustainable business focused model for digital preservation, as part of a knowledge management agenda in higher education institutions. It will develop a model of the relationships, roles and responsibilities, costs, benefits and risks inherent in institutional digital preservation and implement this model by selling it to all the stakeholder groups, including senior management, administrative and clerical staff and academic teachers and researchers. In particular, this project seeks to identify the cost and benefits to the institution of developing a coherent, managed and sustainable approach to the preservation of its digital assets in a way that is transparent to all stakeholders. Project start date: 2005-01-01. Project end date: 2006-12-31. (Excerpt from this source) 1 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13530-chart-wp.html sdss The UK federation for Access Management now has over one hundred member organisations and is on track to satisfy the original goal of providing a next generation access management solution for UK education and research. The user base envisaged for the UK federation is at least an order of magnitude greater than that of the next biggest national deployment of Shibboleth in a federation. As such the technology is both of key strategic importance for UK education and research and leading-edge, therefore of need for careful risk management. The UK is heavily dependent upon both access to a stable codebase for the Shibboleth framework and upon establishing and maintaining a development path which is aligned to UK future requirements. Shibboleth, however, is not a UK development; it is essential that the UK maintains indigenous expertise in the technology to guarantee the security of service provision and maintenance. Project start date: 2007-08-01. Project end date: 2010-07-31. (Excerpt from this source) 1 4 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13531-chart-wp.html elisa The JISC eLISA (eLearning Independent Study Award) project will build on the Greenwich eLISA to deliver study skills for 14-19 year olds in various innovative eLearning applications for independent study support for both learners and teachers. Project start date: 2005-02-01. Project end date: 2007-07-31. (Excerpt from this source) 2 4 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13532-chart-wp.html mets awareness training The Oxford Digital Library has developed some introductory training materials on METS, primarily intended for internal use. This project will develop the existing materials further by making them less institutionally specific. The training materials will be delivered at six locations in the UK. Aims and Objectives Raise general awareness of METS and other closely related emerging standards both within the Programme and among the wider community served by JISC; Provide attendees with sufficient information to assess how METS and related standards might contribute to their institutions' current and planned digital preservation and asset management activities; Enable attendees to find out more about METS for themselves, and to prepare them for the METS tutorial workshops. Project start date: 2004-10-04. Project end date: 2007-07-31. (Excerpt from this source) 1 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13529-chart-wp.html preserv The project will implement an ingest service based on the OAIS reference model for institutional archives built using Eprints software. Working with the National Archives, the project will link Eprints through a Web service to PRONOM software for identification and verification of file formats. The project will emphasise automation, will provide modular tools for capturing metadata and will enable the identification and verification of file formats. The project will scope a technology watch service to populate and update PRONOM where full automation is not feasible for file format recognition. This ingest service will be integrated into the Eprints deposit process for two existing institutional archives, at Southampton and Oxford Universities for evaluation, subject to prior satisfactory testing on pilot archives. The British Library and Southampton University will build and test an exemplar OAI-based preservation service. This service could be used with any OAI-compatible preservation archive to create a software-independent preservation archive. This project will work with other JISC approved projects in the JISC 4/04 programme and other JISC programmes to create institutional responsibility for preservation planning, data management, archival storage and administration, to effectively build a network of distributed and cooperating services that are based on the OAIS digital preservation reference model. Project start date: 2004-10-01. Project end date: 2006-09-01. (Excerpt from this source) 8 22 0.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13527-chart-wp.html daat This project will develop a digital preservation assessment tool for use within the UK HE/FE and research, learning and teaching communities. The proposal will provide those responsible for managing digital resources in a variety of institutional settings, including libraries, archives, data centres, computer services and research teams, with a valuable tool for identifying the preservation needs of their digital holdings. It will do so in a way which allows scarce resources to be focussed on those assets where the risk of loss and cost of loss is greatest. This project brings together extensive expertise in digital preservation from the Arts and Humanities Data Service (AHDS) and the University of London Computer Centre (ULCC). Development input will also come from the National Preservation Office, the British Library and The National Archives. Evaluation of the tool in real-world settings will take place in TNA, the BL, and two identified academic institutions (KCL and The School of Advanced Study, University of London.) Dissemination will utilise the wide reach of the consortium's partners and will aid a second, wider test phase. It will also encourage deployment of the tool beyond the JISC community, contributing to the sustainability of the project's outputs. Project start date: 2004-10-04. Project end date: 2005-06-01. (Excerpt from this source) 1 3 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13528-chart-wp.html bril The Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics is a strongly interdisciplinary research division in the School of Biomedical & Health Sciences at King's College London. The Division includes a variety of research groups addressing different topics within this field. The BRIL project aims to enhance the repository facilities at the Randall Division by: o Embedding the repository within the researchers' day-to-day research and experimental practices. o Allowing data and metadata to be captured in automated fashion, for example from equipment or processing and analysis software o Allowing the structure of experimental processes as a whole to be captured, modelled and stored within the repository, rather than just the individual data sets. o Enhancing browse and access facilities so that users can explore and re-use these complex representations, and data exchange facilities to increase interoperability with other repositories in biomedical disciplines. o Integrating the repository into the wider King's infrastructure, and in particular the Institutional preservation practices and policies As well as enhancing this specific repository to address the needs and practices of the targeted research groups, we will also ensure that the architecture and software components produced are sufficiently generic and can be exploited and enhanced in other disciplines and institutions. Project start date: 2009-04-01. Project end date: 2011-03-01. (Excerpt from this source) 3 4 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13467-chart-wp.html patois The Archaeology Data Service was established to collect, describe, catalogue, preserve, and provide user support for digital resources that are created as a product of archaeological research. The ADS is primarily funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Board5 and JISC and is part of the Arts and Humanities Data Service. Since the establishment of its online catalogue in September 1998, the ADS has begun to build rich collections of quality digital data for use in learning, teaching and research. These include the first national and regional Sites and Monuments Records to be made available via the Internet, full-scale digital excavation archives and the archaeological components of rich inter-disciplinary data sets complementing data held by its sister AHDS service providers. The use of these collections is expanding rapidly. The ADS places a high priority on raising awareness of the potential use of digital data held by the ADS within the further and higher education sectors and is developing a programme of visits to FECs and HEIs, but while these visits are important, they are no substitute for the use of ADS resources within the core syllabus. The ADS recognises that there is great potential for developing electronic tutorials based on existing licensed data sets that would enhance and expand their use within the DNER for learning and teaching. Electronic tutorials would be used by ADS staff, but could also be delivered by the staff of home institutions. The overall aim of the project is to increase the use of digital data available within the DNER, specifically that held by the ADS and the AHDS, by the further and higher education archaeological community. The project aims to develop electronic tutorial packs to promote the use of ADS resources within the core syllabus being delivered by FE and HE institutions. The specific objectives are to: Produce four web-based tutorial packs covering aspects of use of monument inventories, excavation archives, electronic publications and inter-disciplinary datasets Enrich users' understanding of the analysis and use of primary archaeological electronic resources Implement the four electronic tutorial packs initially in six Higher Education Institutions Present a framework for the use of primary archaeological electronic resources in teaching and learning Enhance the ADS data collections as part of the DNER. Project start date: 2000-10-01. Project end date: 2003-10-31. (Excerpt from this source) 3 5 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13468-chart-wp.html isle The ISLE project seeks to develop a sustainable model of effective FE/HE collaboration, to improve the education experience and to considerably reduce current problems in widening access such as retention and progression. The project proposes to move the concept of PDP forward through the integration of various blended learning tools (e.g. VLEs, ePortfolios, and diagnostic assessment tools) and by developing an individualised, self-reflective learning environment for students. The emphasis is on how to get the necessary pedagogical transformations so that learners benefit through the deployment of technology to support the learning process, not on technological solutions. A range of eLearning tools currently utilised by members of the consortium, or under evaluation as part of strategic developments, will be capitalised upon with an emphasis on pedagogical transformation. Project start date: 2005-03-16. Project end date: 2007-03-31. (Excerpt from this source) 3 3 0.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13470-chart-wp.html ivle The "Intute in Virtual Learning Environments" (IVLE) project aims to improve access by students and lecturers to high quality Internet resources from the Intute catalogue within the context of two VLEs: Moodle at the University of Bath and Blackboard at the University of Durham. A range of plug-in tools will be developed that will enable both the searching of the Intute catalogue and the delivery of results from within the VLEs. The project will also create some personalisation tools such as the ability to save searches and create lists of favourites for individual use or as reading lists to support course modules. Project start date: 2009-06-05. Project end date: 2009-11-30. (Excerpt from this source) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13471-chart-wp.html tco Total Cost of Ownership is a method of identifying and understanding all of the costs associated with the acquisition, use and support of ICT, with the aim of improving decision-making about future ICT investment and deployment. The first UK-based project that looked at TCO in schools was completed by Becta in August 2002. The TCO model quantifies not only the visible costs but makes an assessment of the hidden staff costs where staff are informally supporting the technology and their peers. In addition to an assessment of the inputs, the model assesses a range of outcomes including user satisfaction, service reliability and appropriateness. The purpose of this project, which is being undertaken by Becta, is to develop the school TCO model for use within the FE sector and help colleges to identify and keep track of the detail of the full range of cost factors involved. It will also enable them to maintain an overview on broader issues such as sustainability and best value. The development of an on-line system to support the use of this model will allow all colleges to follow a structured methodology for identifying costs and inputting this information into an online database. A sub-set of this data will form a comparative benchmark database that will allow any college to benchmark their results externally against other colleges and sustainability models, and internally between departments and user groups. Project start date: 2003-05-01. Project end date: 2004-07-31. (Excerpt from this source) 1 1 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13525-chart-wp.html metadata schema registry A metadata schema registry is a network service that stores and makes available information about the metadata schemas in use by other services. (Excerpt from JISC Information Environment Glossary) 7 16 0.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13526-chart-wp.html unisa Information Services currently maintain separate ATHENS usernames and passwords for all students by automatically generating bulk upload requests from our user registration database. We had been looking to use the ATHENS devolved authentication mechanism to enable staff and students to use their local (eDirectory) usernames, but are now planning to use Shibboleth for this instead. This would make life easier for our staff and students, as they would not need to keep track of separate usernames and passwords, and decrease the risk of misuse of ATHENS resources. For Information Services, it would remove the need to maintain the hand-crafted code required for bulk uploading at the, hopefully lesser, cost of deploying the Eduserv implementation of Shibboleth Origin, with assistance as required from the Middleware Assisted Takeup Service. It will also give us experience of using Shibboleth, which is seen as an emerging standard for authentication and authorisation. In outline, the plan is to deploy the Eduserv implementation of Shibboleth Origin, with assistance as required from the Middleware Assisted Takeup Service, to provide authentication and authorisation attributes from our eDirectory, with a view to rolling this out for first year students and new staff in September 2005. If successful, we will look at the issues involved in getting staff and students with existing ATHENS usernames to change to using their local ones, and at providing single sign-on to ATHENS resources from our portal. We will document and disseminate our experience in a case study and present it to at least the EMUIT forum. Project start date: 2005-04-01. Project end date: 2006-03-31. (Excerpt from this source) 2 2 0.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13459-chart-wp.html heron Heron provides a service for UK academic institutions that wish to provide online access to student readings. Increasingly students today are working part time or are distance learners. They often stud