bs8878 Web accessibility refers to the inclusive practice of making websites usable by people of all abilities and disabilities. When sites are correctly designed, developed and edited, all users can have equal access to information and functionality. For example, when a site is coded with semantically meaningful HTML, with textual equivalents provided for images and with links named meaningfully, this helps blind users using text-to-speech software and/or text-to-Braille hardware. When text and images are large and/or enlargable, it is easier for users with poor sight to read and understand the content. When links are underlined (or otherwise differentiated) as well as coloured, this ensures that color blind users will be able to notice them. When clickable links and areas are large, this helps users who cannot control a mouse with precision. When pages are coded so that users can navigate by means of the keyboard alone, or a single switch access device alone, this helps users who cannot use a mouse or even a standard keyboard. When videos are closed captioned or a sign language version is available, deaf and hard of hearing users can understand the video. When flashing effects are avoided or made optional, users prone to seizures caused by these effects are not put at risk. And when content is written in plain language and illustrated with instructional diagrams and animations, users with dyslexia and learning difficulties are better able to understand the content. When sites are correctly built and maintained, all of these users can be accommodated while not impacting on the usability of the site for non-disabled users. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_accessibility">Wikipedia article: BS 8878</a>) 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16068-chart-wp.html content management interoperability services Content Management Interoperability Services (CMIS) is a specification for improving interoperability between Enterprise Content Management systems. OASIS approved CMIS as an OASIS Specification on May 1, 2010. CMIS provides a common data model covering typed files, folders with generic properties that can be set or read. In addition there may be an access control system, and a checkout and version control facility, and the ability to define generic relations. There is a set of generic services for modifying and querying the data model, and several protocol bindings for these services, including SOAP and Representational State Transfer (REST), using the Atom convention. The model is based on common architectures of document management systems. Although initiated by AIIM, CMIS is now being administered by the OASIS standards body. Participants in the process include Adobe Systems Incorporated, Alfresco, EMC, eXo, FatWire, HP, IBM, ISIS Papyrus, Liferay, Microsoft, Open Text, Oracle and SAP. The standard is available for public comment at OASIS. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Management_Interoperability_Services">Wikipedia article: Content Management Interoperability Services</a>) 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16164-chart-wp.html finereader ABBYY FineReader is an optical character recognition (OCR) application developed by ABBYY. FineReader was designed as a professional-level application for converting scanned images, photographs of documents and PDF files into editable and searchable formats such as Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Powerpoint, Rich Text Format, HTML, PDF/A, searchable PDF, CSV and text files. ABBYY FineReader is in competition with Nuance OmniPage as well as free software for optical character recognition. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FineReader">Wikipedia article: FineReader</a>) 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16021-chart-wp.html google refine Google Refine is a standalone desktop application provided by Google for data cleanup and transformation to other formats. It has now been renamed to OpenRefine and is hosted as an opensource project on Github. It is similar to spreadsheet applications (and can work with spreadsheet file formats), however acts more like database. It operates on rows of data which have cells under columns, which is very similar to relational database tables. One Refine project is one table. User can filter rows to display using facets that define filtering criteria (for example, showing rows where given column is not empty). Unlike spreadsheets, most operations in Refine are done on all visible rows: transformation of all cells in all rows under one column, creation of new column based on existing column data, etc. All actions that were done on dataset are stored in project and can be replayed on another dataset. Unlike spreadsheets, no formulas are stored in cells, but formulas are used to transform data, and transformation is done only once. Transformation expressions are written in proprietary GREL language. Also Jython can be used to write expressions. The program has a web user interface, however it is not hosted by the software developer (SAAS), but is available for download and use on local machine. When starting Refine, it starts a web server and starts browser to open web UI powered by this webserver. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Refine">Wikipedia article: Google Refine</a>) 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16065-chart-wp.html jquery jQuery is a cross-browser JavaScript library designed to simplify the client-side scripting of HTML. It was released in January 2006 at BarCamp NYC by John Resig. Used by over 43% of the 10,000 most visited websites, jQuery is the most popular JavaScript library in use today. jQuery is free, open source software, dual-licensed under the MIT License and the GNU General Public License, Version 2. jQuery's syntax is designed to make it easier to navigate a document, select DOM elements, create animations, handle events, and develop Ajax applications. jQuery also provides capabilities for developers to create plugins on top of the JavaScript library. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jquery">Wikipedia article: jQuery</a>) 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16050-chart-wp.html kis Key Information Sets (KIS) are comparable sets of information about full or part time undergraduate courses and are designed to meet the information needs of prospective students. From September 2012 all KIS information will be published on the Unistats web-site and will also be accessed via a small advert, or 'widget', on the course web pages of universities and colleges.â€ŒThe development of Key Information Sets (KIS) forms part of HEFCE work to enhance the information that is available about higher education. It will give prospective students access to robust, reliable and comparable information in order to help them make informed decisions about what and where to study. KIS will contain information which prospective students have identified as useful, such as student satisfaction, graduate outcomes, learning and teaching activities, assessment methods, tuition fees and student finance, accommodation and professional accreditation. (Excerpt from <a href="http://www.hefce.ac.uk/whatwedo/lt/publicinfo/kis/">this source</a>) 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16069-chart-wp.html microsoft reporting services Microsoft Reporting Services is a fully featured business intelligence (BI) platform that integrates seamlessly with existing MS applications such as MS Office and MS Sharepoint. Microsoft Reporting Services aims to: optimise business workflows; aggregate large amounts of Business Data sets into useful sections; return real-time data; highlight opportunities. (Excerpt from <a href="http://microsoftreportingservices.com/">this source</a>) 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16132-chart-wp.html nosql NoSQL (read sometimes as noseequel) is a relational database management system that is fast and portable. It is a shell-level tool. NoSQL runs under the UNIX operating system. In contrast to the NoSQL concept, which proposes distributed data stores that cannot use SQL at all, NoSQL intentionally avoids the usage of this language. NoSQL uses the operator-stream paradigm, where a number of "operators" perform a unique function on the passed data. The stream used is supplied by the UNIX input/output redirection system so that over the pipe system, the result of the calculation can be passed to other operators. As UNIX pipes run in memory, it is a very efficient way of implementation. NoSQL is written mostly in interpretive languages that makes it not the fastest RDBMS. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL_(RDBMS)">Wikipedia article: NoSQL</a>) 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16054-chart-wp.html raptor The Retrieval, Analysis, and Presentation Toolkit for usage of Online Resources (RAPTOR) project was designed to build a free-to-use, open source software toolkit for reporting e-resource usage statistics (from Shibboleth IdPs and EZProxy) in a user-friendly manner suitable for non-technical staff. Given the current economic climate and likelihood of tightening funding, understanding the usage of e-resources is becoming increasingly important as it allows an institution to understand which resources they need to keep subscribing to, and those which they may wish to unsubscribe from (potentially resulting in cost savings). (Excerpt from <a href="http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/aim/raptor.aspx">this source</a>) 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16099-chart-wp.html responsive design Responsive Web Design (RWD) essentially indicates that a web site is crafted to use Cascading Style Sheets 3 media queries, an extension of the @media rule , with fluid proportion-based grids (which use percentages and EMs instead of pixels) , to adapt the layout to the viewing environment, and probably also use flexible images. As a result, users across a broad range of devices and browsers will have access to a single source of content, laid out so as to be easy to read and navigate with a minimum of resizing, panning, and scrolling. "Mobile First" and "Progressive Enhancement / Unobtrusive JavaScript" (strategies for when a new site design is being considered) are related concepts that predated RWD: browsers of basic mobile phones do not understand media queries or Javascript, and it is wise to create a basic web site then enhance it for smart phones and PCs &dash; rather than attempt "graceful degradation" to try to degrade a complex, image-heavy site to work on the most basic mobile phones. Browser detection and mobile device detection are two ways of deducing if Javascript and certain HTML and CSS features are supported, however Javascript libraries like Modernizr, jQuery, and jQuery Mobile that directly test for features/user agents are also popular. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsive_Web_Design">Wikipedia article: Responsive design</a>) 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16063-chart-wp.html sqlite SQLite is an ACID-compliant embedded relational database management system contained in a relatively small (~275 kB) C programming library. The source code for SQLite is in the public domain and implements most of the SQL standard. In contrast to other databases, SQLite is not a separate process that is accessed from the client application, but an integral part of it. SQLite uses a dynamically and weakly typed SQL syntax that does not guarantee the domain integrity. SQLite is a multitasking database concerning reads. Writes can be done only one-at-a-time. It is a popular choice for local/client storage on web browsers. It has many bindings to programming languages. It is arguably the most widely used database engine, as it is used today by several widespread browsers, operating systems, embedded systems among others. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite">Wikipedia article: SQLite</a>) 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16051-chart-wp.html sushi The Standardized Usage Statistics Harvesting Initiative (SUSHI) protocol standard (ANSI/NISO Z39.93-2007) defines an automated request and response model for the harvesting of electronic resource usage data utilizing a Web services framework. Built on SOAP, a versioned Web Services Description Language (WSDL), and XML schema with the syntax of the SUSHI protocol, this standard is intended to replace the time-consuming user-mediated collection of usage data reports. SUSHI was designed to be both generalised and extensible, so that it could be used to retrieve a variety of usage reports. An extension designed specifically to work with COUNTER reports is provided with the standard, as these are expected to be the most frequently retrieved usage reports. (Excerpt from <a href="http://www.niso.org/workrooms/sushi">this source</a>) 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16101-chart-wp.html tesseract Tesseract is a free software optical character recognition engine for various operating systems. Originally developed as proprietary software at Hewlett-Packard between 1985 and 1995, it had very little work done on it in the following decade. It was then released as open source in 2005 by Hewlett Packard and UNLV. Tesseract development has been sponsored by Google since 2006. It is released under the Apache License, Version 2.0. Tesseract is considered one of the most accurate free software OCR engines currently available. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesseract_(software)">Wikipedia article: Tesseract</a>) 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16022-chart-wp.html xmpp Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is an open-standard communications protocol for message-oriented middleware based on XML (Extensible Markup Language). The protocol was originally named Jabber, and was developed by the Jabber open-source community in 1999 for, originally, near-real-time, extensible instant messaging (IM), presence information, and contact list maintenance. Designed to be extensible, the protocol today also finds application in VoIP and file transfer signaling. Unlike most instant messaging protocols, XMPP uses an open systems approach of development and application, by which anyone may implement an XMPP service and interoperate with other organizations' implementations. The software implementation and many client applications are distributed as free and open source software. XMPP-based software is deployed widely across the Internet and by 2003 was used by over ten million people worldwide, according to the XMPP Standards Foundation. Apache Wave's federation protocol is an extension to the XMPP protocol. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol">Wikipedia article: XMPP</a>) 100 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16124-chart-wp.html vufind VuFind is an open source library search engine that allows users to search and browse beyond the resources of a traditional OPAC. Developed by Villanova University, version 1.0 was released in July 2010 after two years in beta. VuFind operates with a simple, Google-like interface and offers flexible keyword searching. While most commonly used for searching catalog records, VuFind can be extended to search other library resources including but not limited to: locally cached journals, digital library items, and institutional repository and bibliography. The software is also modular and highly configurable, allowing implementers to choose system components to best fit their needs. As of March 2012, a total of 64 institutions are running live instances of Vufind including the Georgia Tech Library, the London School of Economics, the National Library of Ireland, Yale University, and the DC Public Library. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VuFind">Wikipedia article: VuFind</a>) 95.4 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16014-chart-wp.html drupal Drupal is a free and open source content management system (CMS) and Content Management framework (CMF) written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License. It is used as a back-end system for at least 1.5% of all websites worldwide ranging from personal blogs to corporate, political, and government sites including whitehouse.gov and data.gov.uk. It is also used for knowledge management and business collaboration. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupal">Wikipedia article: Drupal</a>) 92.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10737-chart-wp.html data citation Data citation refers to the practice of providing a reference to data in the same way as researchers routinely provide a bibliographic reference to printed resources. The need to cite data is starting to be recognised as one of the key practices underpinning the recognition of data as a primary research output rather than as a by-product of research. While data has often been shared in the past, it is rarely, if ever, cited in the same way as a journal article or other publication might be. If datasets were cited, they would achieve a validity and significance within the cycle of activities associated with scholarly communications and recognition of scholarly effort. (Excerpt from <a href="http://ands.org.au/guides/data-citation-awareness.html">this source</a>) 90.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11303-chart-wp.html big data In information technology, big data consists of datasets that grow so large that they become awkward to work with using on-hand database management tools. Difficulties include capture, storage, search, sharing, analytics, and visualizing. This trend continues because of the benefits of working with larger and larger datasets allowing analysts to "spot business trends, prevent diseases, combat crime." Though a moving target, current limits are on the order of terabytes, exabytes and zettabytes of data. Scientists regularly encounter this problem in meteorology, genomics, connectomics, complex physics simulations, biological and environmental research, Internet search, finance and business informatics. Data sets also grow in size because they are increasingly being gathered by ubiquitous information-sensing mobile devices, aerial sensory technologies (remote sensing), software logs, cameras, microphones, Radio-frequency identification readers, wireless sensor networks and so on." Every day, 2.5 quintillion bytes of data are created and 90% of the data in the world today was created within the past two years. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data">Wikipedia article: Big data</a>) 86.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15895-chart-wp.html solr Solr is an open source enterprise search platform from the Apache Lucene project. Its major features include powerful full-text search, hit highlighting, faceted search, dynamic clustering, database integration, and rich document (e.g., Word, PDF) handling. Providing distributed search and index replication, Solr is highly scalable. Solr is written in Java and runs as a standalone full-text search server within a servlet container such as Apache Tomcat. Solr uses the Lucene Java search library at its core for full-text indexing and search, and has REST-like HTTP/XML and JSON APIs that make it easy to use from virtually any programming language. Solr's powerful external configuration allows it to be tailored to almost any type of application without Java coding, and it has an extensive plugin architecture when more advanced customization is required. Apache Lucene and Apache Solr are both produced by the same ASF development team since the project merge in 2010. It is common to refer to the technology or products as Lucene/Solr or Solr/Lucene. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Solr">Wikipedia article: Solr</a>) 81.8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11253-chart-wp.html cerif CERIF (Common European Research Information Format) emerged first as a simple standard not unlike a library catalogue card or the present DC (Dublin Core Metadata Standard) and was intended as a data exchange format. It was based on records describing projects, with persons and organisational units as attributes. However, it was soon realised that in practice this CERIF91 standard was inadequate: it was too rigid in format, did not handle repeating groups of information, was not multilingual / multi character set and did not represent in a sufficiently rich way the universe of interest. A new group of experts was convened and CERIF2000 was generated. Its essential features are: (a) it has the concept of objects or entities with attributes such as project, person, organisational unit; (b) it supports n:m relationships between them (and recursively on any of them) using 'linking relations' thus providing rich semantics including roles and time; (c) it is fully internationalised in language and character set; (d) it is extensible without prejudicing the core datamodel thus providing guaranteed interoperability at least at the core level but not precluding even richer intercommunication. It is designed for use both for data exchange (data file transfer) and for heterogeneous distributed query / result environments. With CERIF2004, minor improvements in consistency have been released. With CERIF2006 substantial improvements have been implemented with the model, concerning in particular the introduction of a so-called Semantic Layer, that makes the model flexible and scalable for application in very heterogeneous environments. (Excerpt from <a href="http://www.eurocris.org/Index.php?page=CERIFintroduction&t=1">this source</a>) 81.2 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16058-chart-wp.html ukoer Open educational resources (OER) are "digitised materials offered freely and openly for educators, students and self-learners to use and reuse for teaching, learning and research." Being a production and dissemination mode, OER are not involved in awarding degrees nor in providing academic or administrative support to students. However, OER materials are beginning to get integrated into open and distance education. Some OER producers have involved themselves in social media to increase their content visibility and reputation. OER include different kinds of digital assets. Learning content includes courses, course materials, content modules, learning objects, collections, and journals. Tools include software that supports the creation, delivery, use and improvement of open learning content, searching and organization of content, content and learning management systems, content development tools, and on-line learning communities. Implementation resources include intellectual property licenses that govern open publishing of materials, design-principles, and localization of content. They also include materials on best practices such as stories, publication, techniques, methods, processes, incentives, and distribution. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_educational_resources">Wikipedia article: Open Educational Resources</a>) 75 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13885-chart-wp.html research information management Research information refers to administrative information about research projects, researchers, research outputs, funding, and so on. Universities need to manage information about the research they host, in order to inform strategic decisions about that research, to ease reporting to external stakeholders such as funding councils and research funders, and to offer useful services to those within and beyond the institution's boundaries. There is a lot of work at the moment in this area in the UK, complementing that in other countries. In both the Netherlands and Denmark, for example, universities use a common system to document core information about research (METIS and PURE respectively). Both of these systems are based around the CERIF data model, as are other systems in use such as Converis and the publications-oriented system Symplectic and national systems such as HunCRIS (in Hungary) and SICRIS (in Slovenia). In the UK, JISC, HEFCE, the Research Councils and others are funding a range of work to help the sector better manage information about research, covering institutional infrastructure (joining up institutional systems), national infrastructure (building services and interoperability to share research information), as well as providing guidance, support and opportunities to share experiences and work together. (Excerpt from <a href="http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/themes/informationenvironment/researchinfomgt.aspx">this source</a>) 72.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15610-chart-wp.html chrome Google Chrome is a web browser developed by Google that uses the WebKit layout engine. It was first released as a beta version for Microsoft Windows on 2 September 2008, and the public stable release was on 11 December 2008. The name is derived from the graphical user interface frame, or "chrome", of web browsers. As of January 2011, Chrome was the third most widely used browser, and passed the 10% worldwide usage share of web browsers, according to Net Applications. In September 2008, Google released a large portion of Chrome's source code, including its V8 JavaScript engine, as an open source project entitled Chromium. This move enabled third-party developers to study the underlying source code and to help convert the browser to the Mac OS X and Linux operating systems. Google also expressed hope that other browsers would adopt V8 to improve web application performance. The Google-authored portion of Chromium is released under the permissive BSD license, which allows portions to be incorporated into both open source and closed source software programs. Other portions of the source code are subject to a variety of open source licenses. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome">Wikipedia article: Chrome</a>) 66.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/5819-chart-wp.html content licence The verb license or grant licence means to give permission. The noun license (American English) or licence (British English) refers to that permission as well as to the document recording that permission. A license may be granted by a party ("licensor") to another party ("licensee") as an element of an agreement between those parties. A shorthand definition of a license is "an authorization (by the licensor) to use the licensed material (by the licensee)." In particular a license may be issued by authorities, to allow an activity that would otherwise be forbidden. It may require paying a fee and/or proving a capability. The requirement may also serve to keep the authorities informed on a type of activity, and to give them the opportunity to set conditions and limitations. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License">Wikipedia article: License</a>) 66.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15244-chart-wp.html lod Linked Open Data (LOD) is part of the Open Data Movement, which aims to make data freely available to everyone. There are already various interesting open data sets available on the Web. Examples include Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Geonames, MusicBrainz, WordNet, the DBLP bibliography and many more which are published under Creative Commons or Talis licenses. The goal of the W3C SWEO Linking Open Data community project is to extend the Web with a data commons by publishing various open data sets as RDF on the Web and by setting RDF links between data items from different data sources. (Excerpt from <a href="http://www.w3.org/wiki/SweoIG/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData">this source</a>) 66.7 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10391-chart-wp.html sharepoint Microsoft SharePoint is a web application platform developed by Microsoft. First launched in 2001, SharePoint is typically associated with web content management and document management systems, but it is actually a much broader platform of web technologies, capable of being configured to suit a wide range of solution areas. SharePoint is designed as a central application platform for common enterprise web requirements. SharePoint's multi-purpose design allows for management, scaling, and provisioning of a broad variety of business applications. It provides a layer of management and abstraction from the web server, with the ultimate goal of enabling business users to leverage web features without having to understand technical aspects of web development. SharePoint also contains pre-defined 'applications' for commonly requested functionality, such as intranet portals, extranets, websites, document & file management, collaboration spaces, social tools, enterprise search and business intelligence. Other common use-cases for SharePoint include process integration, system integration, workflow automation, and providing core infrastructure for third-party solutions (such as ERP, CRM, BI, and social enterprise packages). (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_SharePoint">Wikipedia article: SharePoint</a>) 52.6 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/16005-chart-wp.html cloud computing Cloud computing refers to the provision of computational resources on demand via a computer network. In the traditional model of computing, both data and software are fully contained on the user's computer; in cloud computing, the user's computer may contain almost no software or data (perhaps a minimal operating system and web browser only), serving as little more than a display terminal for processes occurring on a network of computers far away. A common shorthand for a provider's cloud computing service (or even an aggregation of all existing cloud services) is "The Cloud". (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing">Wikipedia article: Cloud computing</a>) 51.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1432-chart-wp.html oer Open educational resources (OER) are "digitised materials offered freely and openly for educators, students and self-learners to use and reuse for teaching, learning and research." Being a production and dissemination mode, OER are not involved in awarding degrees nor in providing academic or administrative support to students. However, OER materials are beginning to get integrated into open and distance education. Some OER producers have involved themselves in social media to increase their content visibility and reputation. OER include different kinds of digital assets. Learning content includes courses, course materials, content modules, learning objects, collections, and journals. Tools include software that supports the creation, delivery, use and improvement of open learning content, searching and organization of content, content and learning management systems, content development tools, and on-line learning communities. Implementation resources include intellectual property licenses that govern open publishing of materials, design-principles, and localization of content. They also include materials on best practices such as stories, publication, techniques, methods, processes, incentives, and distribution. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_educational_resources">Wikipedia article: Open Educational Resources</a>) 50.5 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/10080-chart-wp.html avatar In computing, an avatar is the graphical representation of the user or the user's alter ego or character. It may take either a three-dimensional form, as in games or virtual worlds, or a two-dimensional form as an icon in Internet forums and other online communities. It can also refer to a text construct found on early systems such as MUDs. It is an object representing the user. The term "avatar" can also refer to the personality connected with the screen name, or handle, of an Internet user. For other meanings of this term, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(disambiguation) . (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(computing)">Wikipedia article: Avatar</a>) 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15997-chart-wp.html blackboard learning system The Blackboard Learning System is a virtual learning environment and course management system developed by Blackboard Inc. Features include course management, a customizable open architecture, and a scalable design that allows for integration with student information systems and authentication protocols. It may be installed on local servers or hosted by Blackboard ASP Solutions. Its main purposes are to add online elements to courses traditionally delivered face-to-face and to develop completely online courses with few or no face-to-face meetings. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackboard_Learning_System">Wikipedia article: Blackboard Learning System</a>) 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/14142-chart-wp.html communications protocol A communications protocol (also known as a network protocol) is a formal description of digital message formats and the rules for exchanging those messages in or between computing systems and in telecommunications. Protocols may include signaling, authentication and error detection and correction capabilities. A protocol describes the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication and may be implemented in hardware or software, or both. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocol">Wikipedia article: Network protocol</a>) 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/4804-chart-wp.html genetic algorithm A genetic algorithm (GA) is a search heuristic that mimics the process of natural evolution. This heuristic is routinely used to generate useful solutions to optimization and search problems. Genetic algorithms belong to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA), which generate solutions to optimization problems using techniques inspired by natural evolution, such as inheritance, mutation, selection, and crossover. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithm">Wikipedia article: Genetic algorithm</a>) 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15216-chart-wp.html infrastructure as a service Cloud infrastructure services, also known as "infrastructure as a service" (IaaS), deliver computer infrastructure &dash; typically a platform virtualisation environment &dash; as a service, along with raw (block) storage and networking. Rather than purchasing servers, software, data-center space or network equipment, clients instead buy those resources as a fully outsourced service. Suppliers typically bill such services on a utility computing basis; the amount of resources consumed (and therefore the cost) will typically reflect the level of activity. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_Service#Infrastructure">Wikipedia article: Infrastructure as a service</a>) 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15865-chart-wp.html junaio junaio is an augmented reality platform designed for 3G and 4G mobile devices. It was developed by Munich-based company metaio GmbH . It provides an API for developers and content providers to generate mobile augmented reality experiences for end-users. Currently, it is available for iPhone and Android platforms. junaio is the first augmented reality browser that has overcome the accuracy limitations of GPS navigation through LLA Markers (latitude, longitude, altitude marker, patent pending). (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junaio">Wikipedia article: Junaio</a>) 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/11278-chart-wp.html library catalogs A library catalog (or library catalogue) is a register of all bibliographic items found in a library or group of libraries, such as a network of libraries at several locations. A bibliographic item can be any information entity (e.g., books, computer files, graphics, realia, cartographic materials, etc.) that is considered library material (e.g., a single novel in an anthology), or a group of library materials (e.g., a trilogy), or linked from the catalog (e.g., a webpage) as far as it is relevant to the catalog and to the users (patrons) of the library. The card catalog was a familiar sight to library users for generations, but it has been effectively replaced by the online public access catalog (OPAC). (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_catalog">Wikipedia article: Library catalog</a>) 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/1826-chart-wp.html nesstar Nesstar is a software system for data publishing and online analysis. The software consists of tools which enables data providers to disseminate their data on the Web. Nesstar handles survey data and multidimensional tables as well as text resources. Users can search, browse and analyse the data online. Nesstar helps users do the following: publish your data and metadata; provide access to all your data through a single system; enable users to analyse or download data online; visualize your data with maps, graphs, tables. (Excerpt from <a href="http://www.nesstar.com/about/about.html">this source</a>) 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/15988-chart-wp.html restful Representational State Transfer (REST) is a style of software architecture for distributed hypermedia systems such as the World Wide Web. The term Representational State Transfer was introduced and defined in 2000 by Roy Fielding in his doctoral dissertation. Fielding is one of the principal authors of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) specification versions 1.0 and 1.1. Conforming to the REST constraints is referred to as being 'RESTful'. A RESTful web service (also called a RESTful web API) is a simple web service implemented using HTTP and the principles of REST. It is a collection of resources, with three defined aspects: 1) the base URI for the web service, such as <a href="http://example.com/resources/" title="http://example.com/resources/">http://example.com/resources/</a> ; 2) the Internet media type of the data supported by the web service. This is often JSON, XML or YAML but can be any other valid Internet media type; 3) the set of operations supported by the web service using HTTP methods (e.g., POST, GET, PUT or DELETE). (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer#RESTful_web_services">Wikipedia article: RESTful web services</a>) 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/52-chart-wp.html rich internet application A Rich Internet Application (RIA) is a Web application that has many of the characteristics of desktop applications, typically delivered either by way of a site-specific browser, via a browser plug-in, independent sandboxes, or virtual machines. Adobe Flash, Java, and Microsoft Silverlight are currently the three most common platforms, with penetration rates around 99%, 80%, and 54% respectively (as of July 2010). Although new Web standards have emerged, they still use the principles behind RIAs. Users generally need to install a software framework using the computer's operating system before launching the application, which typically downloads, updates, verifies and executes the RIA. This is the main differentiator from JavaScript-based alternatives like Ajax that use built-in browser functionality to implement comparable interfaces. While some consider such interfaces to be RIAs, some consider them competitors to RIAs and others, including Gartner, treat them as similar but separate technologies. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Internet_application">Wikipedia article: RIA</a>) 50 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13672-chart-wp.html json JSON is a lightweight text-based open standard designed for human-readable data interchange. It is derived from the JavaScript programming language for representing simple data structures and associative arrays, called objects. Despite its relationship to JavaScript, it is language-independent, with parsers available for most programming languages. The JSON format was originally specified by Douglas Crockford, and is described in RFC 4627. The official Internet media type for JSON is application/json. The JSON filename extension is .json. The JSON format is often used for serializing and transmitting structured data over a network connection. It is primarily used to transmit data between a server and web application, serving as an alternative to XML. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON">Wikipedia article: JSON</a>) 48.1 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/7673-chart-wp.html refworks RefWorks is a web-based commercial citation manager &dash; an application for managing references, retrieving bibliographic information, and designing texts in terms of their literature references. Subscribers can store their reference database online, allowing them to use and update it from anywhere, and to share data with other subscribers. Universities can subscribe on behalf of all their students and faculty, and the software enables linking to electronic editions of journals to which the university libraries hold subscriptions. This linking is accomplished by incorporating an institution's OpenURL resolver. A number of Canadian academic libraries that licence RefWorks for managing research online have moved their accounts to a Canadian server because of concerns that student and faculty members' research could be investigated under the USA Patriot Act if their data remain stored south of the border. (Excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RefWorks">Wikipedia article: RefWorks</a>) 45.9 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/sites/all/datacharts/hc/13989-chart-wp.html